The Thing in the Forest

Containing all the well-known signs of a fairy tale from the beginning, The Thing in the Forest is expected to include the fantasy aspect of a fairy tale. Unlike most fairy tales however, The Think in the Forest quickly turns into a very real occurrence that happened to children all over that particular region during that particular time period. Once the girls come within earshot, and then sight of â€Å"The Thing†, it takes on many figurative meanings. These meanings include everything from the war and all it entitled, to the girls leaving their innocence and becoming affected by the war.The story includes two little girls as the main characters, yet Primrose, the one who later in life becomes a story teller, is assumed to be the narrator throughout the story. Primrose is â€Å"Plump and blond and curly†¦ [She] had bitten nails, a velvet collar on her dressy green coat. † (353). Interestingly, the narrator (Primrose), who is made slightly greedy from her experienc es during the war, goes into grave detail of her clothing. The â€Å"dressy† clothing holds no real value, and is only added into the story because it holds some sort of personal value to the narrator.Also, describing Primrose as â€Å"plump† is about the nicest way to describe and overweight child. It becomes evident from the first description of Primrose that she is favored by the narrator. Penny is different than Primrose in almost every way. â€Å"Penny was thin and dark and taller, possibly older than Primrose†¦Penny had a bloodless transparent paleness, a touch of blue in her fine lips. †(353). Even though Penny becomes a much more established person compared to Primrose later in life, how Penny is described isn’t nearly as positive as the description of Primrose.With the well detailed description of what Primrose was wearing, it would be expected that what Penny was wearing would be told. These details are never brought to light. This missing information proves that the narrator has a much stronger attachment to Primrose than Penny. The two girls are completely different in terms of personality traits, still they do have some things in common. They both lost their fathers. â€Å" Penny’s farther, †¦died in a sheet of flame in the East Indian Docks†¦Primrose’s farther†¦was killed, very late in the war, on a crowded troop carrier sunk in the Far East† (358).While both their fathers were killed, the ways in which they were killed are just another example of how different Penny and Primrose are. With one being killed by fire and one being killed by water, the natural forces could not be any more dissimilar. â€Å"The Thing† is also something that they both have in common. They both hear it. They both smell it. They both see it. â€Å"A sound and a smell fabricated of many disparate sounds and smells. A crunching, a crackling, a crushing, a heavy thumping† (356).The sounds hea rd by the little girls is the very essence of war. The sound of troops and machinery crushing everything in their way. These sounds are the very sounds that they were sent away from. â€Å"Its face†¦appeared like a rubbery or fleshy mask over a shapeless sprouting bulb of a head. Its expression was neither wrath nor greed but pure misery. †(357). This is the face of war. The rubbery gas masks worn by troops. For almost all, war is pure misery. Not just for the military’s fighting, but for everyone. The girls were sent away to preserve their innocence.Once they ran into the woods, they ran from their innocence and became aware of the war around them. After seeing â€Å"The Thing†, the girls become separated and live very different lives. Just as they started out as completely different people, they continue to live as completely different people. The war did impact them both in similar ways, â€Å"They both never married. † (358). Both Penny and Primr ose choose careers that were influence by the war, but both the careers fit their personalities. Even without the war, they would have probably both chosen careers along the same guidelines.The fact they neither of them married is something that the war probably changed. War has the power to give people something in common who would otherwise have nothing in common. â€Å"The Thing† is everything evil about the war from the understanding of two little girls. They didn’t know exactly what this evilness was, but they did know that it was evil. The story also completes a circle. Starting with a story and ending with the story starting again. How the war influence these girls continues to be passed on through Primrose, the story teller. The Thing in the Forest Containing all the well-known signs of a fairy tale from the beginning, The Thing in the Forest is expected to include the fantasy aspect of a fairy tale. Unlike most fairy tales however, The Think in the Forest quickly turns into a very real occurrence that happened to children all over that particular region during that particular time period. Once the girls come within earshot, and then sight of â€Å"The Thing†, it takes on many figurative meanings. These meanings include everything from the war and all it entitled, to the girls leaving their innocence and becoming affected by the war.The story includes two little girls as the main characters, yet Primrose, the one who later in life becomes a story teller, is assumed to be the narrator throughout the story. Primrose is â€Å"Plump and blond and curly†¦ [She] had bitten nails, a velvet collar on her dressy green coat. † (353). Interestingly, the narrator (Primrose), who is made slightly greedy from her experienc es during the war, goes into grave detail of her clothing. The â€Å"dressy† clothing holds no real value, and is only added into the story because it holds some sort of personal value to the narrator.Also, describing Primrose as â€Å"plump† is about the nicest way to describe and overweight child. It becomes evident from the first description of Primrose that she is favored by the narrator. Penny is different than Primrose in almost every way. â€Å"Penny was thin and dark and taller, possibly older than Primrose†¦Penny had a bloodless transparent paleness, a touch of blue in her fine lips. †(353). Even though Penny becomes a much more established person compared to Primrose later in life, how Penny is described isn’t nearly as positive as the description of Primrose.With the well detailed description of what Primrose was wearing, it would be expected that what Penny was wearing would be told. These details are never brought to light. This missing information proves that the narrator has a much stronger attachment to Primrose than Penny. The two girls are completely different in terms of personality traits, still they do have some things in common. They both lost their fathers. â€Å" Penny’s farther, †¦died in a sheet of flame in the East Indian Docks†¦Primrose’s farther†¦was killed, very late in the war, on a crowded troop carrier sunk in the Far East† (358).While both their fathers were killed, the ways in which they were killed are just another example of how different Penny and Primrose are. With one being killed by fire and one being killed by water, the natural forces could not be any more dissimilar. â€Å"The Thing† is also something that they both have in common. They both hear it. They both smell it. They both see it. â€Å"A sound and a smell fabricated of many disparate sounds and smells. A crunching, a crackling, a crushing, a heavy thumping† (356).The sounds hea rd by the little girls is the very essence of war. The sound of troops and machinery crushing everything in their way. These sounds are the very sounds that they were sent away from. â€Å"Its face†¦appeared like a rubbery or fleshy mask over a shapeless sprouting bulb of a head. Its expression was neither wrath nor greed but pure misery. †(357). This is the face of war. The rubbery gas masks worn by troops. For almost all, war is pure misery. Not just for the military’s fighting, but for everyone. The girls were sent away to preserve their innocence.Once they ran into the woods, they ran from their innocence and became aware of the war around them. After seeing â€Å"The Thing†, the girls become separated and live very different lives. Just as they started out as completely different people, they continue to live as completely different people. The war did impact them both in similar ways, â€Å"They both never married. † (358). Both Penny and Primr ose choose careers that were influence by the war, but both the careers fit their personalities. Even without the war, they would have probably both chosen careers along the same guidelines.The fact they neither of them married is something that the war probably changed. War has the power to give people something in common who would otherwise have nothing in common. â€Å"The Thing† is everything evil about the war from the understanding of two little girls. They didn’t know exactly what this evilness was, but they did know that it was evil. The story also completes a circle. Starting with a story and ending with the story starting again. How the war influence these girls continues to be passed on through Primrose, the story teller.

Explain Crime Rates Essay

The two theories with respect to criminology I would be using would be the Social Disorganization Theory and the Anomie Theory. Durkheim introduced the term ‘Anomie’ in the 19th or the early 20th century. He considered that Anomie had a major role to play with respect to social behavior. He felt that the level of moral consciousness may differ from one individual to another, and deviations often resulted in crime. Robert Merton developed ideas to establish a link between criminal behavior and Anomie. Merton considered that social pressures caused an individual to behave in a non-compliant or an abnormal manner. In society, an individual had certain goals and means of fulfilling these goals. Initially an individual may choose acceptable means to achieve these goals. However, as the situation deteriorates, he would be choosing increasingly unacceptable means to achieve the goals (Reid, 1985). The social disorganization theory was proposed by the Chicago School of Sociology. It is a situation in which divergence away from the normal is seen due to certain social situations. Any disturbance to normal social life would result in an increase in crime and disharmony. When social organization is present, positive relationship, values and goals also develop. Read more:Â  Essay About Crime Rate Increase in India In the past the social disorganization theory has been utilized to explain disturbance during the World War 1, World War 2 and the Great Depression (Reid, 1985). A criminal case in our local community was a string of suicides committed by three teenagers who attended school. Investigations revealed that the teenagers were not happy with the results they had obtained in High School. Studies revealed that the local leader, who was responsible for the educational policy adopted by the state, had adopted rather tough measures, which resulted in high failure rates and frustration in the school children. As the social pressures were high, the teenagers were behaving in a non-complaint or an unreasonable manner. This goes along with the Anomie theory. Studies also revealed that the other ministries that were responsible for public welfare were not functioning properly during that period. Hence, there was an increase in the social disorganization rate (as normal life was affected). The teenagers committing suicide expressed the dissatisfaction and the disharmony in the society. This helps to prove the Social Disorganization theory.

Analysis on the poem Cherrylog Road by James Dickey Essay

Analysis on the poem Cherrylog Road by James Dickey - Essay Example All throughout the poem though, it talks about how the lovers meet at an obviously arranged time when the woman is able to escape from her father’s farm. The nervousness of the woman about what they are doing is shown with the trembling of her lips which could also be her expression of equal desire of her lover. The poem also shows the boredom of a lover who waits on his partner, and the fear of being caught red-handed as they express their love to each other (Dickey). Being a poem of reminiscing, the author could have written the poem to express his thoughts on passionate yet forbidden love affair. Whether or not a similar involvement could have been experienced by the author himself would not be a question worth meander thing on because the theme of the poem is widely experienced around the globe at different generations. Forbidden love affairs had been retold time and again through stories like Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet so that the theme could have simply been an observation of the author and needed not be a first hand experience. Passion and flame is well expressed in the poem in a metaphorical way, mentioning the blacksnake hunting the mouse with deadly excitement. The highly stimulated feelings expressed between the lovers are seen throughout the poem with changes of emotion from boredom, to fear and to pensive considerations. The author expressed boredom as he waited for his lover who is coming from her father’s farm and could have the possibility of being unable to meet him because of the latter’s restrictions. On meeting each other comes the nervousness and fear expressed not only by the man but the woman as well who fear being caught by her father. Then as the lovers separate, the author shifts to a thoughtful reconsideration of their affair, remaining drunk with the experience he had with his woman. The author used metaphor greatly especially in expressing the consummation of the lovers’ love to each other. The intimacy of

STARBUCKS Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

STARBUCKS - Term Paper Example This will allow the licensor firm to collect a royalty fee from the licensee. This can be of great benefit to a licensor that has limited capital to enable it engage in full operations in the foreign nation. A major disadvantage though is the fact that this mode gives the firm much less tight and central control over the foreign operations. This entry mode is almost similar to licensing. The franchisee obtains the main business know-how through an agreement with the franchiser by paying a royalty fee. This know-how also includes patents and trademarks. The main difference when compared to licensing is that franchisee operates under certain rules dictated by the franchiser. This is mainly so as to maintain its reputation and standards. This is very common in the service industry. The main advantage with this is that the firm can efficiently explore this new market with minimal development costs and risks. The disadvantage is that the franchisee will have to abide by strict rules set by the franchiser. This is not always possible and the franchisor may have its reputation tarnished if the franchisee does not maintain the high standards. This is a very common entry mode that is used all over the globe. It can be explained by having two or more firms forming an alliance that will put them in a better position to penetrate the new international market. These are often based on a 50/50 type of agreement. This operation is always separate from both companies. There are situations whereby one of the firms invests more than the other leading to more shares in the Joint venture hence handing it a controlling stake. The advantages of this method of foreign market entry are;- This mode in simple terms means that the company owns all the shares in the overseas firm/entity. There are two main means of establishing such kinds of subsidiaries: Greenfield venture and

Taxation of life-cycle savings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Taxation of life-cycle savings - Essay Example Further, 25% lump sum can be withdrawn from pension funds tax free (Lymer & Oats, 2013). Due to these treatments, most of the savings in the UK are made in pensions, housings and ISAs. They discourage savings in all other forms and put limitations on economic activity. Further, the current tax laws are complex. According to the current system, neutrality can neither be achieved over time nor across assets. It discourages people from saving because the present value of their income increases. They become better off spending their income now than later. Also, this system does not take inflation into account. The returns on savings are taxed on nominal returns. Therefore, tax on returns on savings actually increases with a rise in inflation rate. Further, the phenomenon of compound interest reduces the effective rate of return and its reducing effect is directly proportional to the passage of time (Mirrlees et al., 2011). Adam Smith (1776) proposed four canons of taxation for an optimal tax system. These canons are: ‘Equity, Certainty, Convenience and efficiency’ (Lymer & Oats, 2013, p.43). Economic efficiency relates to fiscal neutrality which refers to an ideal tax condition which does not ‘distort the economic and commercial decisions made by individuals’ (Lymer & Oats, 2013, p61). The concept of neutrality demands that people’s choices should not be distorted. However, in standard income tax, neutrality is foregone both over time and across assets. The current system makes people prefer investing in pension funds and ISAs but discourages saving through other opportunities as it taxes them at a higher rate. Further, it actually subsidises investing in a pension fund as it allows a tax free withdrawal of a lump sum. This discourages people from taking risks and limits economic activity. It also defeats the prospects of achieving neutrality over time. This system treats capital gains differently

California drought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

California drought - Essay Example The climate change is a global situation which California follows. The scientists managed to predict this situation a decade before, when they discovered that â€Å"†¦warming-driven Arctic ice loss would lead to worsening drought in California†. (Romm, 2014). The researchers from Utah State University have found that the â€Å"†¦evidence connecting the amplified wind patterns, consisting of a strong high pressure in the West and a deep low pressure in the East, to global warming.† (Wang, 2014). The increasing index of dipole intensification which California has been facing since the 1970s and still faces up to this moment causes extreme droughts in this state. (Wang, 2014). Global warming is also an important actor in terms of climate-related drought reasons because it results in the Earth’s atmosphere becoming thicker which means also increase of high-pressure indices occurrence, and this is a key factor for temperature, snowfall and rainfall extreme l evels and unorganized patterns of weather observed over the recent years. (Mooney, 2013). The problem of greenhouse gases amount increase in the atmosphere is a global point of concern which result of the ozone layer becoming thinner contributes to temperature increase which, obviously, is another cause of drought in any part of the world, including California. (Takle, 2003). Lack of precipitations in the form of snow is one more natural cause of the California drought. It is also reported that if the temperature is warmer, then reduction of snowpack in winter in the mountains of California is possible, which could result in increasing of the runoff in winter and, on the contrary, decreasing of the runoff in spring. Such shifts in runoffs of the two mentioned seasons can promote conditions for drought in summer, such as too much water loss because of flood and little water saving. (Hanak, Lund, 2008). Rain precipitations are also important in terms of

The Governance of Globalisation; Is it time for an alternative Essay

The Governance of Globalisation; Is it time for an alternative approach - Essay Example The dominant system for world governance in the first wave of globalisation was the colonial domination of the world by European powers. In the second wave of globalisation, various international agencies were established to loosely oversee the liberalised world economic order. The important international agencies which were established to oversee the global system were the International Monetary Fund or the IMF and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or GATT. The GATT was later transformed into the World Trade Organisation or the WTO, which is made up of 28 intergovernmental agreements by which member states agree to limit their sovereign right to intervene in international trade. It was hoped that with such agencies, it will be possible to facilitate international trade and manage the international economic system. The WTO today has 144 member states and an additional 30 which are awaiting accession. The benefits that have been provided by the WTO agreements include the libe ralisation of international trade, the rule of law, a procedure for the settlement of disputes, cutting of tariffs by the industrialised world and the elimination of the most favoured nation status amongst others. These measures have considerably enhanced the volume of international trade with nearly 25% of the global output being traded. Despite the criticism levied against it, the WTO has been successful in the past 50 years to provide a mechanism to avoid protectionism and trade retaliation, with its Council having authorised retaliation through tariff increases in very few cases. Government trade policies are more stable and predictable and the international trade which is vital for global stability keeps flowing (Von Braunmohel, 2005, Chapters 1 – 2), (Strange, 2003, Complete), (Kimon, 2000, Complete), (Institute for International Economics,

Capital Punishment in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Capital Punishment in the USA - Essay Example The main argument against capital punishment states that capital punishment disregards the value of human life2. Human value is viewed as being highly valuable and should not be taken away under any circumstances, legal or otherwise. It is believed that not even the worst form of crime should deprive one his life. Those against capital punishment believe that the value of the criminal’s life should not be destroyed by their crime even if they killed someone. They argue that a substitute of this form of punishment can be through life imprisonment which gives the offender a chance to turn over a new leaf and lead a better life. In summary, human life is valuable and no authority should take it a away and no crime warrants for capital punishment. Capital punishment violates the due process of law in several ways. First, the imposition is arbitrary and irrevocable. This denies the offender the opportunity to benefit from reversal of a conviction or discovery of any new evidence wh ich might reverses the verdict. Additionally, the death penalty violates the Constitution's provision of equal protection of its citizens3. It was observed to be imposed randomly and with biases based on one’s skin color, social status and ethnicity. This shows that the death penalty does not conform to the due process of the law. The death penalty violatebiasesst important universal human right which is the right to live. This right should be respected at all times regardless of the form of crime that an individual has committed. This argument is similar to the one concerning the value of human life. This argument supports the point that a victim could kill their attacker in the process of a murderous attack. In such a case, the victim can be argued to have committed murder in self defense. In conclusion, killing does not correct the act committed by the offender, instead their natural worthiness is taken away. Moreover, it does not bring any form of retributive justice in s ociety. Capital punishment results to the wastage of limited resources that could have been directed to other meaningful activities in fighting crime3. In addition to, it is time consuming and wasted the energy of prosecutors, defense counsel, prosecuting attorneys and the legal enforcement personnel. It burdens the criminal justice system and has negative effects of societal values and morals. It goes ahead to prove that killing is right which is not true. There are higher chances of execution of the innocent as offenders may get killed due to the loopholes in the justice system. Jurors and prosecutors make mistakes and in the event an offender is innocent, they are killed for a crime that they did not commit which is highly regrettable. This together with the mistakes in the legal system can lead to death of innocent people where capital punishment is practicable3 . There is ample evidence for such situations leading to the conclusion that capital punishment should be abolished to avoid the loss of innocent lives.  

The Interactional View Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Interactional View - Essay Example When she revoked the permission, I was so mad at her that I did not talk to her for a month, while I also blamed my father for enabling my mother’s domination over my life. By not talking, it means that I did not communicate with her closely like I used to. The Interactional View helps me understand the impact of family relationships on family communication exchanges and individual behaviors. The Interactional View sees the family as a system of units that influence one another. Indeed, in my situation, my mother’s behavior affected my behavior, while I further connected my behavior to my father’s lack of action on the matter. In the context of a game, the rules are the following: 1) If my mother decides on something, my father implicitly supports it by not questioning her decisions, and 2) Children must obey their parents because they know what is best for the former. These rules do not mean that my father is underneath the power of my mother, but I can see that he wants to avoid conflict with her. The result of the rules of the game in our family is that I lose my agency or control over my life. My parents can change the rules as they wish, but I cannot do anything about it. As a dutiful daughter, I am bound by these rules. I may resent them, but I continue to follow them because I believe in respecting my family’s decisions. Apart from seeing the family as a system governed by the rules of game, The Interactional View asserts the existence of axioms of interpersonal communications. Family homeostasis is central to these axioms because it refers to the unspoken complicity of family members in preserving the status quo. The rules of the game, no matter how dysfunctional, can result to a sense of family homeostasis, though the homeostasis may not be good for the family as a whole or for specific family members. In my case, my parents and I contribute to the family homeostasis because no one directly questions or opposes the rules of the game. I follow my parents’ decisions, even if I do not always agree with them, because saving their face and family values are more important to me than my autonomy. My father also implicitly supports our family homeostasis because he does not conflict with my mother’s decisions. My mother also supports father’s decisions, though when it comes to their children, she is more vocal than my father. The first axiom of The Interactional View states that communication is so constant that to not communicate is a form of communication in itself. Watzlawick explains the concept of symptom strategy, where a person explains the cause of silence as something external, and so verbal communication does not occur. The person makes it look like he/she cannot control his/her silence. One time, my mother asked me why I was not responding to her text messages. I told her that I was busy in the library, which was my symptom strategy. By not saying anything through not answering her text messages, I justified my action through a symptom strategy. In reality, I was mad at her because my best friend and I made numerous plans for the weekend, and I was quite excited to spend two whole days with her. All of those plans

Luma pros and cons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Luma pros and cons - Essay Example She does both soccer coaching and individual counseling for diverse emotional issues they faced. That Luma is a Clarkston â€Å"outsider† may be true from the geographical or political considerations. But she succeeds in transcending the barrier of nationality, the stamp of immigrant on her personality, through the processes in which she moulds the personality of her players. The â€Å"outsider† factor had no impact between her status as coach and her team. Addressing to the boys whose attention on the game of soccer is diverted on account an air-plane show Warren St. John writes about her utterances, â€Å"YOU GUYS NEED to wake up!† a voice interrupted as the jets streaked in to distance. â€Å"Concentrate!† The voice belongs to Luma Mufleh, the thirty-one-year-old founder and volunteer coach of the Fugees.†(2) This indicates her amazing work ethic and vision. â€Å"Outsider† question may be burning topic for political discussions, but Luma has shown through the building process of her soccer team, how to strike the balance in the diverse perspectives related to immigration, local and global politics, identity and intergenerational issues, creativity, biculturalism and community building. Luma has demonstrated that the complex story of Clarkston and the struggle of Fugees soccer team is the story of America in the broader sense. She is a native of Jordan and her soccer team boys belong to families that flee to the United States from many war-torn areas across the globe and her soccer saga serves as the catalyst for their coming together and is the living example of concept of ‘the world is one family.’ She hails from an aristocratic family from Jordan. She comes to America for studies. Giving her backgrounder information the author writes, â€Å"Luma, I would learn, had no particular background in social or human-rights work. She was just a normal woman who wanted, her own way, to make the world a better

Ethics and brand Essay Example for Free

Ethics and brand Essay Branding is defined in various ways. In the case of engineering, technological and high value products the brand name plays an important role. Customers are ready to pay premium for a brand due to the intrinsic value and trustworthiness attached to it. They trust particular brand that’s the reason they buy it. In business-to-business buying consumers or professional buyers rely on the strong and positive image of the brand. The products or services these consumers buy have impact on their business and operations. Ethical branding enhances corporate reputation over a period of time, it helps them retaining their consumers and creating long term and strong relationship with consumers in the present competitive market place. There are several ways companies are operating in the global market. Company like Toyota has different strategies for developed countries and developing countries depending upon consumer group and market. Consumers in country like Europe are more concerned about environmental friendly and fuel efficient products whereas consumers in developing countries are concerned about mileage and affordability. Toyota is one of the most reputed global brands for its ethical practices in every area from recruitment to branding. Consumers pay premium for the preferred brands. Positive brand image like ethical branding will definitely encourage consumers to buy the product over competitors. It depends on the target consumers and market place where a company is operating whether or not, consumer will be ready to pay more for ethical brands. Different technological products and services like software, Operating Systems and E-commerce activities like banking and finance, high Technology products like pharmacy, biotechnology products consumers rely on the reputation and brand image for their buying decisions. The products where the consumer has low level of knowledge and high level of requirements consumer will probably take decision in favor of ethical and more reputed brand over the other. A strong and positive brand image helps organisations to not only be on the top of the mind of consumers but also contribute to the long-term success of the product. This is the reason companies like Cola and Pepsi use advertising strategies to gain maximum of market share. Some companies adopt practice like they communicate themselves to be an ethical brand rather than adopting ethical practices. This limits realty of ethical branding. However, regulatory bodies, active consumer groups and other organizations keep an eye on such companies and their practices and investigate the matters. Active consumer groups put pressure on the corporate to adopt ethical practices. Companies become more accountable for their acts with their ethical branding efforts. Consumers worldwide are being more sensitive about ethical practices adopted by companies and the numbers of consumers ready to pay premium for the ethical brands are growing. This phenomenon is encouraging professionals and engineers to adopt ethical practices and comply with the ethical branding campaign of their companies. Ethical branding is more acceptable in the social groups where price sensitivity of the consumers is low. Professional engineers have many opportunities with ethical branding. The intellectual property rights will help them protecting their copyrights and patients, trade marks and trade secrets. They will have better protection for their innovations and will be encouraged to adopt ethical practices that can add value to the branding efforts.

Volcanic Ash Cloud Modelling Using Visual Basic Application

Volcanic Ash Cloud Modelling Using Visual Basic Application RESEARCH ARTICLE ABSTRACT Recently, the study of volcanic eruption and ash cloud dispersion has become important due to the severe risks and hazards associated with it. The negative impact it has on human livelihood, infrastructure, transportation, water supply, farming, and the environment and the environment as a whole needs serious attention. This has prompted many researchers to investigate the dynamics of volcanic ash clouds by utilizing an objective methodology, utilizing high-spatial determination pictures and complimentary ground based observation. These models have being instrumental in understanding past eruptions and also for future prediction and planning to mitigate it effects. The models for ash cloud usually require some parameters for their stimulation which would be depends on the type of model or software to be used. For the purpose of this article, Visual Basic Application (VBA) software has been used to study the 2014 Mount Mayon eruption. The codes were developed using vent coordinate, di ffusion coefficient, wind velocity, iteration and time step. The results from the simulation show the ash clouds dispersed in the NE direction. The results of the codes modelled showed diffusion and advection of ash plumes using a two dimensional array. Arcmap was used to output the results of the stimulation. Kernel density and spatial contour tools were also used to examine and interpretate the output of the simulation, showing the high risk of volcanic ash cloud in the Mount Mayon region. Visual Basic Application (VBA) was chosen for the study because it is simple, fast, convenient and affordable while proving to be equally accurate for modelling large particles. Nonetheless, the utilization of much more advanced models will provide more accurate results. Population growth and increase in urbanization in regions inclined to volcanic ash risks requires risk reduction and mitigation strategies. KEYWORDS: Volcanic Eruption, Mount Mayon, Hazard Modeling, Ash Cloud, Visual Basic Application. 1.0 INTRODUCTION The objective of natural hazards and risks assessment is to determine the extent and nature of risk in a particular area by evaluating potential hazards that together could harm people destroy properties, goods and services (UNISDR, 2009). Various studies have identified societys increasing vulnerability to disasters as a consequence of population expansion in hazardous areas and increasing economic and environmental strains (Rougier et al., 2013). The socio-economic and physical impact of volcanic ash on the environment is obviously massive. Studies and observations over the years have significantly enhanced our understanding as seen in the past 30 years (e.g., Soufrià ¨re Hills (Montserrat), 1995; Eyjafjallajà ¶kull (Iceland), 2010) (Vervaeck, 2012). The current effects that are associated with the volcano eruption have made the study of volcanic ash multidisciplinary. The negative impacts on human livelihood, infrastructure, transportation, power supply, agriculture, water and t he environment has caused tremendous damages. In order to minimize risk in highly affected areas and improve on hazard assessment, there is the need to use effective modelling tools to gather information on key risk indicators in ash dispersion. Successful displaying devices for anticipating ash remains scattering and transport can significantly add to hazard assessment and mitigation of risk in exceptionally influenced regions (Andreastuti, Alloway Smith, 2000). This aim of the study is to review the formation, movement and effects of the 2014 Mount Mayon eruption. The Visual Basic Application (VBA) software has been used for the modelling of ash cloud in the study area. The codes developed using input parameters seeks to demonstrate the possible pattern of the ash cloud dispersion with likely solutions. 1.1 STUDY AREA. Mount Mayon (13 °15à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²24à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³N 123 °41à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²6à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³E) is an active stratovolcano in the province of Albay in Bicol Region, on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. Renowned as the perfect cone because of its symmetric conical shape, the volcano and its surrounding landscape was declared a national park on July 20, 1938, the first in the nation. Mayon is the main landmark and highest point of the province of Albay and the whole Bicol Region in the Philippines, rising 2,462 metres (8,077 ft.) from the shores of the Albay Gulf about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away. The volcano is geographically shared by the eight cities and municipalities of Legazpi, Daraga, Camalig, Guinobatan, Ligao, Tabaco, Malilipot and Santo Domingo (clockwise from Legazpi), which divide the cone like slices of a pie when viewed from above. Historically the Mt. Mayon region of the Philippines has also been particularly hard hit by lahars because of volcanic erupt ions that produce ash deposits on steep volcanic slopes which may later become mobilized by heavy cyclonic rains (Orense 2007). Geologically, Mount Mayon rock type is Basalt to Olivine-bearing Pyroxene Andesite and Bicol Volcanic Chain tectonic setting. Mayon is the most active volcano in the Philippines and it is constantly degassing and has erupted violently 54 times in the last 400 years (Ramos-Villarta et al. 1985). Upper slopes are quite steep while slope angle diminishes in a very regular way with descent to sea level (Fano et al. 2007). Most eruptions involve large ashcloud discharges, though pyroclastic and lava flows are also common, and magma composition is basaltic to olivine-bearing pyroxene andesite. Figure1: Map of study area, Mount Mayon; Source (Google maps) 2. COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE RESEARCH LITERATURE 2.1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW The formation of volcanic ash is initiated by volcanic eruption events. Ash particle comprises of various sizes, elevation, and distances which disseminate into airspace. Ash cloud generates from a partial or complete eruption process (Cas Wright, 1987 and move rapidly with speed of 10-65m/s, reaching high temperature of between 100 to 800oC (Blong, 1984) (Figure 2). Moreover, vast scale effects are related with volcanic ash cloud dispersion. Therefore, the assessment of volcanic ash hazards is essential in the socio-economic, scientific, and political affairs of any society more importantly in a region with dense population. The rise in population and increase in urbanization of areas prone to volcanic ash hazards demand the invention and application of suitable measures. Risk assessment and mitigation strategies must be enforced if major eruption is to be prevented (Baxter et al., 2008). Figure 2: Mount Mayon 2014 ash cloud dispersion; Source google (Google images). 2.2.1 BACKGROUND TO VOLCANIC ASH Volcanic ash is produced during volatile volcanic eruptions, phreatomagmatic eruptions and movement in pyroclastic density currents. Explosive eruptions occur when magma decompresses as it rises, allowing dissolved volatiles to resolve into gas bubbles. Remote sensing results (Rose et al., 2000) and distal ash sampling studies (Durant et al., 20 09) strongly suggest that both à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ne and very à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ne ash mostly fall within a day of their eruption, much faster than à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uid dynamics modeling suggests. Volcanic ash particles less than 2mm are pyroclast and particles greater than 2mm are lapilli. Regardless of the process of formation, volcanic ash are produced and determined by various factors such as particle size distribution, wind velocity, magma fragmentation and magma discharge. Altitude of 20-50km characterizes turbulent jets of explosive volcanic eruptions which convey ash and gas mixtures into the atmosphere (Carazzo Jellinek, 2012). Particles aggregati on is presumed to increase of fine ash fallout whereas sedimentation of pumice and ash particles is controlled by their separate settling velocities (Rose Durant, 2011). Combined studies have shown that volcanic cloud ash mass decreases by an order of magnitude in 24 h (Rose et al., 2000).This rapid fallout of very à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ne ash creates distal mass deposition maxima in tephra deposits at distances several 100s of km downwind(Brazier et al., 1983; Durant and Rose,). The distal ash sedimentation process is poorly understood but is clearly tied to meteorological processes that promote aggregation, e.g., hydrometeor formation, and inà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence cloud dynamics (Durant et al., 2009). 2.2.2 VOLCANIC ASH EFFECTS 2.2.2.1 Effects on Water Supplies Effects of volcanic ash on water supplies have been critically severe that it makes livelihood unbearable. Studies describing these impacts are described fully in Stewart et al. (2006). Effects include physical blockages of intake structures by ash and damage due to abrasion or corrosion of equipment. The major public health concerns are thought to be the potential for outbreaks of waterborne infectious diseases due to the inhibition of disinfection by high levels of turbidity, and elevated concentrations of fluoride increasing risks of dental and skeletal fluorosis. Physical impacts of ash and problems due to high levels of acidity, turbidity and fluoride are well-documented; however, little attention has been paid to the other soluble components of volcanic ashfall and their potential consequences for water supplies. Water usage can be expected to increase significantly as affected communities begin cleanup operations (Johnston, 1997b; Johnston et al., 2004). 2.2.2.2 Effects on Agricultural Activities Volcanic ash has a massive negative effect on farms since agricultural activities depend greatly on natural and irrigation means of water supply. Some farms are supplied by district or regional water supply schemes. Reported impacts on water supply schemes include (Johnston et al., 2004) suspended ash blocking intake filters, particularly for river-fed water supplies. This has put increasing pressure on water resources, especially for irrigation and stock water, requiring that the resource be actively managed. The uncommon unsettled climate and atmosphere at mid-scope in 1816 and 1817 had major financial effects, especially as far as a poor yield of horticulture creation, lack of healthy sustenance and considerably an expanded potential for infections and plagues (Trigo et al., 2009). 2.2.2.3 Effects on Infrastructure About nine percent of the worlds population lives within 100 km of a historically active volcano (Horwell and Baxter, 2006). This percentage will probably increase due to higher rates of population growth in many countries like Colombia, Ecuador and the Philippines that are highly volcanically active. Even though volcanic ash rarely endanger human life directly, it negative effects on critical infrastructure services such as electricity and water supplies, health facilities, transport routes, aviation, buildings and primary production, can lead to significant societal impacts (Horwell and Baxter, 2006 and Stewart et al., 2006). Moreover, fairly small eruptions can lead to widespread disruption, damage and economic loss. For example, the 1995/1996 eruptions of Ruapehu volcano in the central North Island of New Zealand were very small by geological standards but still covered over 20,000 km2 of land and caused significant disruption and damage to aviation, communication networks, a hyd ro-electric power scheme, electricity transmission lines, water supply networks, wastewater treatment plants, agriculture and the tourism industry (Cronin et al., 1998 and Johnston et al., 2000). 2.3 ASH CLOUD MODELLING Models have been utilized for decades to forecast ash fall during volcanic eruptions. However, it is only in recent years have tephra models like Ash3D been developed that use a 3-D, time-changing wind field, enabling us to model eruptions that last weeks and spread ash across an entire continent. These features, plus the development of a method for calculating growth of an umbrella cloud, have made it possible to simulate eruptions of this scale. Particles of ash are dispersed into the atmosphere in different directions during an explosive eruption, but the variation differences in altitude, wind speed and direction, and temperature are great influence (Carey and Sparks, 1986). Satellite based identification methods are presently used in monitoring eruptive plumes, but this practice has its limitations such as irregular satellites captures. The use of dispersal models to forecast both the deposition of ash particles on the ground and airborne is one important way of solving such cha llenges (Carey and Sparks, 1986). Observations measured from the ground are used to identify and examine volcanic ash clouds in addition to satellite data. New and evolving volcanic ash clouds have been detected using both specialized and well graded weather radar systems (Schneider et al, 2008). Volcanic Ash Transport and Dispersal models (VATD) are models that are mostly utilized for modelling volcanic ash and are extremely useful when simulating ash particles in order to reduce the risk and hazards posed by volcanic ash. These models are required to provide fairly accurate forecast and location of the volcanic ash and produce hazard maps fast enough to warn pilots of the danger routes (Peterson and Dean 2007). Also volcano observatories and Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAAC) use these models to issue out forecast before, during and slightly after eruptions Generally, volcanic ash cloud models are tools that efficiently combine source input parameters in a short period of time a nd can be used to predict ash dispersion in an emergency situation and can help mitigate the risk and hazards related with such fallout during an eruption 2.4. ASH MODELLING PARAMETERS. Volcanic ash cloud modeling need certain input parameters such as volcano location, date, time and duration of each eruption, source geometry, plume height, eruption rate, vertical ash distribution and particle size distribution. Plume height is simply the altitude at which most volcanic ash spreads laterally from the plume into the ash cloud. The relationship between plume height and eruption rate is possibly the most extensively studied among any sources parameters (Mastin et al., 2009). Theoretical studies (Morton et al., 1956) indicate that plume height should increase with eruption rate and empirical compilations ( Settle, 1978, Wilson et al., 1978 and Sparks et al., 1997, ) roughly follow this relationship. Some characteristic eruption parameters demonstrate extensive systematic relationships. Plume height increases with eruption rate and grain-size generally decreases with increasing silica content. However, not all relationships are systematic. The duration of eruptions may d iminish or differ non-systematically with size of eruption or type of magma. For instance, an average grain size, whilst generally decreasing with increasing silica content, might as well decrease with increasing occurrence of pyroclastic flows (Dartevelle et al., 2002). Inefficiently captured variables such as wind, particle fallout, vent overpressure, or development of hydrometeors, together with atmospheric humidity for bigger eruptions might as well influence this relationship (Mastin et al., 2009). 3. METHODOLOGY For the purpose of this study,Visual Basic for Application (VBA) was used to model the 2014 Mount Mayon volcano eruption ash cloud. Visual Basic for Application (VBA) is basically a software developed in Microsoft Excel and it is used for modelling volcanic ash particles dispersal. Generally, the model is considered to be fairly accurate in modelling volcano eruption. The model requires certain input parameters which are carefully manipulated to predict the likelihood of volcanic ash transport and dispersal. The model starts by defining a dimensional array size called ashfall and calling the parameters from the control panel created in the Excel spreadsheet. The particles are created by giving them an X and Y values, the X and Y values are the coordinates at the chosen location above the vent derived from the satellite imagery of the study area. Together with other input parameters such as wind speed and direction, diffusion coefficient, time and iterations,particles are advected and diffused along the X and Y axis they are then outputted in a second work sheet called ashfall. The code then loops this process as it has been defined by the user, for the purpose of this report the particles were set to a random function. Once the simulation is completed the particle movement in the ash sheet is then plotted on a scatter graph to view the particles and the direction of dispersion. Both worksheets are then saved in MS-DOS comma separated (.csv) file format in Excel to make it possible to import into ArcMap. The satellite image obtained from http//www.landcover.org of the area is then displayed in the ArcMap and the X and Y values from the worksheets are then imported to display the ash. The kernel density function in the analysis tool calculates the density of the dispersed ash cloud. Moreover, time and iteration were considered to give a genuine situation of the ash dispersion. Below is a copy of the code used for simulation of the ash cloud. Sub ashfall() Dim vent_x As Long, vent_y As Long Dim K As Single, vx As Single, vy As Single, dt As Single K = diffusion coefficient dt = change in time Dim max_inter As Long, no_part As Long Dim particles(1 To 1000, 1 To 2) As Single vent_x = Worksheets(Control Panel).Cells(1, 2) vent_y = Worksheets(Control Panel).Cells(2, 2) K = Worksheets(Control Panel).Cells(3, 2) vx = Worksheets(Control Panel).Cells(4, 2) vy = Worksheets(Control Panel).Cells(5, 2) dt = Worksheets(Control Panel).Cells(6, 2) max_iter = Worksheets(Control Panel).Cells(7, 2) Worksheets on right side of = to plug values into code For n = 1 To 1000 particles(n, 1) = vent_x particles(n, 2) = vent_y Next n Offset = 0 so that numbers dont overwrite eachother at each iteration For Iteration = 1 To max_iter add nested loop for iterations this allows all 1000 particles to be moved together in each step max_inter is set as 1000 in Excel For n = 1 To 1000 Rnd = random generation of number between 0 and 1 K = Diffusion Coefficent ash diffusion, where n,1 = x coordinate and n,2 = y coordinate particles(n, 1) = particles(n, 1) + K * (0.5 Rnd()) particles(n, 2) = particles(n, 2) + K * (0.5 Rnd()) ash advection particles(n, 1) = particles(n, 1) + (vx * dt) particles(n, 2) = particles(n, 2) + (vy * dt) Worksheets(Ashfall).Cells(n + Offset, 1) = particles(n, 1) Worksheets(Ashfall).Cells(n + Offset, 2) = particles(n, 2) worksheets on the left hand side of = to plug values in excel worksheet Next n Offset = Offset + 1000 Next Iteration End Sub Input parameters Variables Values Start X Long 574207 Start Y Long 1465622 v x (m/s) Single 6 vy (m/s) Single 9 Diffusion coefficient Single 500 Iterations Integer 1000 Time Integer 10 Table 1: Input parameters, variables and values used for the simulation of ash cloud for Mount Mayon 4. RESULTS OF SIMULATIONS The ash cloud simulation outcomes are portrayed in figures 3 to 7 showing the wind direction, kernel ash density and spatial contours on Open Street map and Satellite map of Mount Mayon. From the simulation, the wind velocity was in the NE direction as it can be seen in the maps. Due the magnitude of the ash cloud, nearby localities are in danger of high risk. Figures 3 and 4 depict the magnitude of the ash cloud in direction of the wind and the impact on the localities on both open street and satellites maps. Also, figure 5 on the other hand shows the levels density of the volcanic ash cloud dispersed in the study area. Regions that far away the volcano ash have minimal density of ash cloud and are not really at risk as compared to regions closer to the volcano ash with high level of density of ash cloud. With the aid of the spatial contour tool, figures 6 and 7 depicts the dispersed and settlement of the ash cloud on satellite map of the study area. Figure 3: Open street map of Mount Mayon showing dispersed ash Figure 4: Satellite map of Mount Mayon showing dispersed ash.    Figure 5: Satellite map of Mount Mayon showing kernel density of dispersed ash Figure 6: Open street map of Mount Mayo showing spatial contour of dispersed ash Figure 7: Satellite map of Mount Mayon showing the spatial contour of dispersed ash 5.1 HAZARD AND RISK IN STUDY AREA The hazard and risk in Mount Mayon cannot be under-estimated since it is one of the active volcano in the Philippines erupting about 53 times in the past 400 years. There have death and displacement of hundreds of thousands of people since it first eruption in 1616. The record violent eruption in 1814 caused death of more than 1,200 people and destroyed several towns. Volcanic flows have caused broad destruction of water supply infrastructure and systems. Water pipes have been destroyed and concealed by lahars around Mayon volcano, Philippines (Nasol, 2001 and Smithsonian Institution, 2002). Chemical pollution of water takes place as tephra particles dissolve readily upon contact with water discharging ions (Witham et al., 2005 and Delmelle et al., 2007). Agricultural activities around Mount Mayon are affected by ash cloud dispersion which reduces crop field hence shortage of food supply. Air planes and other modes of transport are at risk of ash cloud since Legazpi Airport is only 4 2.8km from Mount Mayon. Lahars are possible to destroy vehicles as they move downstream while being influenced by debris (Blong, 1984). Also, tephra particles can cause damage to vehicles by roughening moving parts and obstructing air and oil filters (Wilson et al., 2012b). Figure 9: Hazard map of Mount Mayon ; Source (google maps). Figure 10: Hazard map of Mount Mayon ; Source (google earth). 5.2 EVALUATION OF HAZARD AND RISK IN STUDY AREA. To mitigate the hazards and risks associated with volcano eruption, there must be implementation of policies and disaster control measures must be put in place. Minimizing the effects of volcanic eruptions on the study must be the fundamental objective of ash cloud hazard and risk management. Land-use pressure, population growth and societys expectancy of infrastructure performance during and after disasters makes this a challenge. However, impacts of the 2014 Mount Mayon volcano eruption can by adopting the following strategies; Creating awareness of volcanic risks and hazards and their impacts through communication strategies and educating the general public. This can be achieved through the use of both print media and electronic media. Also, Government must see to it that, projects and policies of building and planning are implemented effectively to eradicate indiscriminate and unauthorized building of houses and other structures in volcano prone areas. Evacuation plans, emergency response and temporary housing should be put in place to minimize the rate of fatalities associated with volcano eruption in the region. There should also be regular monitoring of volcanic eruption of the area by utilizing highly advanced models and high-tech machines as this will help predict upcoming eruption. 6. DETAILED DISCUSSIONS AND CRITICAL EVALUATIONS OF THE MODEL AND SOFTWARE. The Visual Application Software (VBA) software developed from Microsoft Excel is basically easy to understand and quick to run for ash cloud modelling. It is also affordable and very instrumental for predicting the extent of ash cloud transport and dispersion utilizing input parameters according the users preferences. However, the software is is limited to the number of particles that can be modelled at the same time. Also, only one direction of ash cloud is dispersed at a particular time. The accuracy of the model could be improved if input parameters such as plume height and eruption rate are taken into account. When compared with other advanced models such as NAME, FALL3D and PUFF, Visual Application Software (VBA) cannot be used for continuous discharge of ash particles to model full volcano eruption but rather for single release of ash particles. Regardless of its limitations, Visual Application Software (VBA) software is still very useful for modelling ash cloud simulation. 7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK. In conclusion, the hazard and risk associated with ash cloud transport and dispersion cannot be under-estimated in Mount Mayon. Therefore, proper planning and strategies must be put in place to mitigate the fatalities of volcano eruption in the future. Although the government responsible for major policies implementation, the general public together with non-governmental agencies must work hand-in-hand to minimize the negative impact of volcano eruption in the region. Despite the model limitations, Visual Application Software (VBA) is very useful tool for modelling volcanic ash cloud simulation. It is also easy to comprehend and fast but if other input parameters added to create a new, it will enhance it accuracy. 8. REFERENCE Baxter, P., Boyle, R., Cole, P., Neri, A., Spence, R., Zuccaro, G. (2005). The impacts of pyroclastic surges on buildings at the eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat. Bulletin of Volcanology, 67(4), 292-313, available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-004-0365-7. Baxter, P., Aspinall, W., Neri, A., Zuccaro, G., Spence, R., Cioni, R., Woo, G. (2008). Emergency planning and mitigation at Vesuvius: A new evidence-based approach. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 178(3), 454-473. Blong, 1984 R.J. Blong Volcanic Hazards: A Sourcebook on the Effects of Eruptions Academic Press, Sydney (1984). Blong R (1996) Volcanic hazard risk assessment. In: Scarpa R, Tilling RI (eds) Monitoring and mitigation of volcanic hazards. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp675-698. Carey, S., à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Sigurdsson, H. (1982). Influence of particle aggregation on deposition of distal tephra from the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens volcano. J. Geophys, Res., 87 (B8), 7061. Cronin et al., 1998 S.J. Cronin, M.J. Hedley, V.J. Neal, G. Smith Agronomic impact of tephra fallout from 1996 and 1996 Ruapehu volcanic eruptions, New Zealand Environmental Geology, 34 (1998), pp. 21-30. Cronin et al., 2003 S.J. Cronin, V.E. Neall, J.A. Lecointre, M.J. Hedley, P. Loganathan Environmental hazards of fluoride in volcanic ash: a case study from Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand Journal of Volcanology Geothermal Research, 121 (2003), pp. 271-291 Dartevelle et al., 2002 S. Dartevelle, G.G.J. Ernst, J. Stix, A. Bernard Origin of the Mount Pinatubo climactic eruption cloud: Implications for volcanic hazards and atmospheric impacts Geology, 30 (7) (2002), pp. 663-666. Delmelle et al., 2007 P. Delmelle, M. Lambert, Y. Dufrà ªne, P. Gerin, N. Óskarsson Gas/aerosol-ash interaction in volcanic plumes: new insights from surface analysis of fine ash particles Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 259 (2007), pp. 159-170. Durant, A.J., 2007. On Water in Volcanic Clouds. Ph.D. Thesis, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, 242 pp. Durant, A.J., Rose, W.I., 2009-this volume. Sedimentological constraints on hydro-meteor-enhanced particle deposition: 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak, Alaska.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. Durant, A.J., Rose, W.I., Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Carey, S., Volentik, A.C., 2009-this volume.Hydrometeor-enhanced tephra sedimentation from the 18 May 1980 Mount St.Helens (USA) volcanic cloud. Journal of Geophysical Research. Durant, A.J., Shaw, R.A., Rose, W.I., Mi, Y., Ernst, G.G.J., 20 08. Ice nucleation andoverseeding of ice in volcanic clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research 113 Horwell and Baxter, 2006 C.J. Horwell, P.J. Baxter The respiratory health hazards of volcanic ash: a review for volcanic risk mitigation Bulletin of Volcanology, 69 (2006), pp. 1-24 J. Rougier, R.S.J. Sparks, L. Hill Risk and uncertainty assessment for natural hazards Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2013) (588 pp.) Johnston, D.M., 1997. The physical and social impacts of past and future volcanic eruptions in New Zealand. Unpublished PhD thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Johnston, D.M., Houghton, B.F., Neall, V.E., Ronan, K.R., Paton, D., 2000. Impacts of the 1945 and 1995-1996 Ruapehu eruptions, New Zealand: an example of increasing societal vulnerability. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112, 720-726. Johnston, D., Stewart, C., Leonard, G., Hoverd, J., Thordarsson, T., Cronin, S., 2004: Impacts of volcanic ash on water supplies in Auckland: Part 1. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt, Science Report 2004/25, 83 pp. Langmann, B., Folch, A., Hensch, M. and Matthias, V., 2012. Volcanic ash over Europe during the eruption of Eyjafjallajà ¶kull on Iceland, April-May 2010. Atmospheric Environment, 48, pp.1-8. Mastin, 2002 L.G. Mastin Insights into volcanic conduit flow from an open-source numerical model Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 3 (7) (2002) 10.1029 Mastin, 2007 L.G. Mastin A user-friendly one-dimensional model for wet volcanic plumes Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 8 (Q03014) (2007) Mastin and Spiegel, in preparation Mastin, L.G., Spiegel, J., Ewert, J. W., Guffanti, M., in review. Spreadsheet of eruption source parameters for active volcanoes of the world, U.S. Geological Survey open-file report. Morton et al., 1956 B.R. Morton, G.I. Taylor, J.S. Turner Turbulent gravitational convection from maintained and instantaneous sources. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 234 (1956), pp. 1-23. Nasol, 2001 R. Nasol Nanang aftermath, lahar destroys towns

Examining the Strategic Plans for Growth PepsiCo

Examining the Strategic Plans for Growth PepsiCo PepsiCo, Incorporated is a Fortune 500, American multinational corporation headquartered in Purchase, New York, with interests in manufacturing and marketing a wide variety of carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, as well as salty, sweet and cereal-based snacks, and other foods. Besides the Pepsi brands, the company owns the brands Quaker Oats, Gatorade, Frito-Lay, SoBe, Naked, Tropicana, Copella, Mountain Dew, Mirinda and 7 Up (outside the USA). The various strategic plans for managing and developing the growth of PepsiCo are as follows:- INTENSIVE GROWTH (Identifying the opportunities to achieve further growth within the current business) Product -market expansion grid is useful framework for detecting new intensive growth opportunities Market penetration strategy(The company first considers whether it could gain more market share with its current products in the current markets): Headquartered in Purchase, New York, with Research and Development Headquarters in Valhalla, The Pepsi Cola Company began in 1898 by a NC Pharmacist and Industrialist Caleb Brad ham, but it only became known as PepsiCo when it merged with Frito Lay in 1965.Major products of both the companies were before they got merged were- Pepsi-Cola Company Pepsi-Cola was formulated in 1898, Diet Pepsi (1964) and Mountain Dew (introduced by Tip Corporation in 1948). Frito-Lay, Inc. Fritos brand corn chips (created by Elmer Doolin in 1932), Lays brand potato chips (created by Herman W. Lay in 1938), Cheetos brand cheese flavored snacks (1948), Ruffles brand potato chips (1958) and Rold Gold brand pretzels (acquired 1961). So, the Pepsi -cola and Frito-Lay both were amongst the renowned and best sellers till they got merged. Market development strategy (next it considers whether it can find or develop new markets for its current products)-Pepsi-Cola was considered a takeover target not only because it ran a distant second in the soft drink sector to industry giant Coca-Cola Company, but also because little of the companys stock was in the hands of management. Following the creation of PepsiCo, however, the new companys directors held a much larger proportion of shares, with Lay holding a 2.5 percent stake himself. A second force behind the merger was Frito-Lays desire to more aggressively pursue overseas markets. The companys sales had largely been restricted to the United States and Canada, but it could now take advantage of Pepsis strong international operations, through which Pepsi products were sold in 108 countries. Product development strategy A third force was the perceived synergy between salty snacks and soft drinks. As Kendall succinctly related to Forbes in 1968, Potato chips make you thirsty; Pepsi satisfies thirst. The plan was to jointly market PepsiCos snacks and soft drinks, thereby giving Pepsi a potential advantage in its ongoing battle with Coke. Unfortunately, these plans were eventually scuttled by the resolution of a Federal Trade Commission antitrust suit brought against Frito-Lay in 1963. The FTC ruled in late 1968 that PepsiCo could not create tie-ins between Frito-Lay and Pepsi-Cola products in most of its advertising. PepsiCo was also barred from acquiring any snack or soft drink maker for a period of ten years. integrative growth INTEGRATIVE GROWTH (Identifying opportunities to build or acquire business that are related to current business) Each company faces challenge of selection between different marketing strategies of growth. PepsiCo has a bunch of strategies called integrated growth strategies to: Expand Global Leadership Position of the Snacks Business. PepsiCo is global snacks leader of the world, with No. 1 savory category of the share position in the virtually each key region around the globe. They have advantaged position for entire value chain in over more than 40 developing and developed regions in which they operate as the capitalization on the local manufacturing and the optimized go-to-the-market capabilities in every region, thus also the ability to have introduced the relevant products locally by using the global capabilities. Ensure Sustainable, Profitable Growth in Global Beverages. When combined with actions they are taking to refresh their brands across the entire beverage category, they believe this game-changing transaction will enable them to accelerate their top-line growth and also improve their profitability. They continue to view the significant areas of the global beverage growth, specifically in the developing markets or in the evolving categories. They will thus invest in the attractive opportunities and concentrating in the geographies and the categories in which they the leader or the close second and where competitive game thus remains widely open. Unleash the Power of Power of One. Combination of the snacks and the beverages-with the global high-demand and the local brands thus makes the company an essential and needful partner for the small-format as well as the large-format retailers. Rapidly Expand Our Good-for-You Portfolio. By investing to thus accelerate growth of the platforms, and they are using the knowledge from the initiatives to improve their beverage offerings and the core snack and thus also developing high nutritious products for the undernourished people around the world. Continue to deliver the commitments and the Environmental Sustainability Goals. They actively work with their farmers to promote sustainable agriculture and thus developing the packaging alternatives in both the beverages and snacks to thus reduce impact on environment. Cherish the Associates and Developing Leadership to thus sustain the Growth. By implementing tailored training programs to provide managers and the senior executives with leadership and strategic capabilities that are required in the rapidly changing environment. diversification growth DIVERSIFICATION GROWTH (identifying opportunities to add attractive business unrelated to current business) the US based company thus conducted the restructuring exercise in the year 1997-98 by thus spinning-off the restaurants and the bottling businesses. Restructuring was thus aimed to achieve the improved and increased focus on companys snack food operations (Frito-Lay) and core beverage (Pepsi-Cola). By thus successfully adopting new focus strategy since the year 1997, the company has thus emerged as second largest packaged consumer goods company (terms of the revenues) in world. By thus acquiring the leading beverages companies like the Tropicana (July 1998), the South Beach Beverage (October 2000) and the Quaker Oats company (December 2000), company has thus significantly strengthened the competitive position in beverages segment.

Comparing Welfare Provision in Germany and England Essay -- Compare Co

Comparing Welfare Provision in Germany and England "Our state reduces more and more its responsibility to provide welfare among the people". This is a statement that you can hear very often saying Germans about their welfare state in comparison with other welfare systems, as for instance the English system. This essay examines the similarities and differences between the German and the English welfare provision focusing on the extent to which this provision is provided. To understand the appropriacy and to discuss the extent of the provision it is helpful, firstly, to start with a brief definition of how these countries define a welfare state, and proceed with the different models that we encounter in Germany and in the UK. We continue with comparing and contrasting the extent of welfare provision in both countries. Since this is a wide area to discuss we concentrate on special provisions for instance the unemployment benefits and health care, since they are considered most relevant to the societies. Related to this analysis, we then highlight the appropriacy of the provision in the twenty first century. Finally, we come to the conclusion that the extent of the provision in both countries is similarly extensive but differs in the amount to which benefits and services are delivered. Furthermore, the argumentation will show that the appropriacy of welfare provision is needed, more than ever with regard to globalization and poverty. In general a welfare state is concerned with the welfare that the citizens are provided by their governments. Countries implement social and welfare policies to provide more social security and oppo... ... http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/bitesize/higher/modern/uksociety/income_wealth1_rev.shtml * Claudia Braczko. (20/09/2004). Arbeitsmarktreformen in England und Deutschland. Retrieved December 28, 2004, from http://idw-online.de/pages/de/news85895 * IWB online. (23/09/1996). Kohl government axes German welfare state. Retrieved December 26, 2004, from http://www.wsws.org/public_html/prioriss/iwb9-23/kohl.htm * Pieter van Houten. (10/11/ 2004). The welfare state in crisis?. Retrieved December 27, 2004, from http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/~pjv24/pol4-handout-I9.htm * The Robert Gordon University. An introduction to social policy. Retrieved December 27, 2004, from http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/ 1 21/11/04 (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/) 2 21/11/04 (http://www.destatis.de/indicators/d/arb210ad.htm)

Exploring ADHD and Available Treatments Essay -- Attention Deficit Hyp

Abstract: This research paper describes ADHD and the treatments available. It discusses the different medications and their side effects and explains the opinions of some doctors for an alternative treatment. The main goal of the writing is to shed some light on the disorder and describe some theories about ADHD. This goal is stated in the thesis which talks about how ADHD cannot be identified exactly, the side effects to the medication are harsh, there are different alternative treatments, and research shows it may be caused from hormones and sleep deprivation. A Normal Life ? Imagine sitting in a fourth grade science class. The teacher is lecturing in the front of the room while a groundskeeper mows the grass outside the window. The mower is buzzing in the student's ears, grasping one students' attention, taking it away from the teacher's discussion. Slowly the mower begins to move further away until it is completely out of sight. The attention returns to the teacher, whose words mumble together. The student begins to feel bored as he begins to swing his feet on the seat in front of him. The student in front of him becomes annoyed by the pitter-patter on her seat, and she yelps with anger. The attention slides back into the class, where something new and interesting is happening. The teacher stops her lecture, making this student the center of attention. It may be negative attention, but it's something that holds the student's interest. This type of thing happens normally to this student, so he is used to it. Besides, this isn't his fault; everyone kno ws he has ADHD, anyway he can't help but act like this. It's just how some kids are, right? Normally his mother makes him take his pills, but today he threw them out becaus... ...w.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/adhd.cfm#adhd8 Ritalin side effects and warnings (2004). PDR. Retrieved March 26, 2004, from Medical Economics web site: http://www.fromthepines.com/ritalin.html Schneebaum, Ron M.D. (March 2000). Where did Ritalin come from? Retrieved March 23, 2004, from massnews web site: http://www.massnews.com/past_issues/other/3_Mar/ad5mar.htm Smith, Lawrence T. (2004). The truth behind ADHD . FDA facts national ? institutes of health consensus. Retrieved March 22, 2004, from FDA web site: http://www.ritalindeath.com/ Stein, David B. (1999). 1999. 1st ed, pg 6-32. Ritalin is not ? the answer:a drug-free, practical program for children diagnosed with ADD or ADHD. Retreived March 16, 2004 Volkow, Nora. (2001). Ritalin facts. Retreived March 20, 2004, from nida publications web site: http://www.nida.nih.gov /Infofax/ritalin.html

Impact of Social Networking Sites on First Year Multimedia Arts Program

Introduction Today, young people around the world have been using social networking sites with their own different purposes. The main purpose of social networking sites is communication. It is likely believed that social networking sites have greatly improved communication especially for people who have their loved ones abroad. Some people spend most of their time on social networking sites, specifically Facebook and Twitter. Studies show that most young people or teenagers are addicted to these social networking sites. Needless to say, it is not healthy to spend most of our time on social networking sites, especially for teenagers who are supposedly using their time to study. As Coyne (2010) mentions in his research paper â€Å"It’s hard for most college students to remember a time before social networks. Half of Facebook’s 500 million users will log-in on any given day. On the same day 65 million tweets are sent. The last 10 years have witnessed major advancements in global commu nication. It appears fiction has become a reality.† Social networking sites can also affect social behavior. It can either improve or hinder an individual’s social behavior. In the Philippines, where most teenagers use social networking sites, such as Facebook covered 12 percent of all active users according to statistics. Most of these teenagers are dependent on social networking sites in engaging any kind of relationship with someone. It is often that an individual would be socially awkward in public if he/she is dependent on social networking sites and reluctant to personal interaction. Regardless of being so dependent on social networking sites, this may also improve an individual’s relationship with one another. As said by Boyd (2007), internet... ...ocial Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 13(1) Coyne, E. (2010). http://ecoyne.blogspot.com/ Haythornthwaite, C. (1996). Social network analysis: An approach and technique for the study of information exchange. Library and Infor ¬mation Science Research, 18, 323-342. Kuppuswamy and Shankar. (2012). http://www.infotoday.com/searcher/jul07/reid_grey.shtml Ruffes, V. (2010). http://jhands.wordpress.com/2010/12/08/social-networking-research- paper/ Sundà ©n, (2003). Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 13(1) Trusov, M., Bucklin, R.E., Pauwels, K. (2009). http://www.emeraldinsight.com/bibliographic_databases.htm?id=1819982 Wiley and Sisson (2006). http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1279&context=gradco nf_hospitality

Meaning of Life and Poem Essay

`Tis he who always tears our books, Who leaves the door ajar, He pulls the buttons from our shirts, And scatters pine afar; That squeaking door will always squeak, For, prithee, don’t you see, We leave the oiling to be done By Mr. Nobody He puts damp wood upon the fire, That kettles cannot boil; His are the feet that bring in mud, And all the carpets soiled. The papers always are mislaid, Who had them last but he? There’s no one tosses them about But Mr. Nobody. The finger marked upon the door By none of us are made; We never leave the blind unclosed, To let the curtains fade. The ink we never spill; the boots That lying round you. See Are not our boots they all belong To Mr. Nobody. SYNOPSIS: The poem is about a person,Mr. Nobody, who does notexist, but who is created bythe persona to take theblame for all kinds of mistakes and irresponsiblebehaviour that happens inthe persona’s house. The persona is probably introuble for doing thingswrong and is blaming Mr. Nobody so that he or she willnot be scolded or punished. MEANING OF THE POEM STANZA 1 :- The funny little man mentioned in the poem is a little boy, perhaps three to five years old. This is because; a child within that age usually does not talk much rather than making things that require them to learn. However, they often create trouble to people around them. Like in this stanza, there are cracked plates but people tend not to scold them because they are in the learning process though people know they do it. STANZA 2 :- The same thing happen mentioned in this stanza, the child creates another trouble in the house. Some of the troubles are the books have been torn, the buttons have been pulled out from the shirts and the pins are scattered. However, seeing that the little boy needs to learn, they leave the squeaking door to be oiled by the boy for him to learn. STANZA 3 :- Within this age also, the child may be doing something that may annoy some other people. The examples are given in this stanza such as Mr. Nobody puts damp woods upon the fire which causes the kettle cannot be boiled, bringing the mud into the house and make the carpet soiled, and papers are mislaid. People know that no one could do such things except for Mr. Nobody. STANZA 4 :- However, though people like Mr. Nobody is quite troubling, they need to be directed and to be taught the meaning of life. Not to forget they become like that because they are in the process of learning. Therefore, we as adult or people that are older and already matured must show a good talent for them to follow the right role model. For example in this stanza, Mr. Nobody does not know the meaning of privacy which he lets the door and the curtain open, leaving the boots not in the right place and spilling inks. THEMES: Family life. Taking things for granted. Responsibility. Honesty. MORAL VALUES: We must always tell the truth. We must be responsible members of a family. We should not blame others for our mistakes. We must admit our mistakes. We must appreciate everyone within our family. PERSONA: The persona could be a parent or grandparents who wants to admonish (menegur) the children foralways running away from responsibility and forblaming others for the mischief that they have done. Type of Poem : A poem on life Title : A suitable title because the purpose is to blame nobody. Nobody is a non-person so he is the best person to push the blame to. 1. Write a personal response to a selected poem Why you will choose this poem ? What u think / feel after you read this poem ? What is the theme of the poem ? why ? Theme : 1. Nature 2. Love 3. Friendship 4. Childhood What you learn from this poem ? other†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Not more than 350 words 2. Write reflection on the task you have complete. Your reflection will be assessed on the following data : Maturity of your thought in reflection Language The reflection must be including At first, what you think/ feel when you received this assignment? ( stress ? anxiety ? or ? how you solve this problem?) Thanks for the lecturer Mdm. Syamsina Zahurin Shamsuddin for guide to do this assignment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Thanks my friend to listening my presentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Thanks my groups member Lee Shun Fong ( coorperation ) Where you search the material of this poem (Internet and book)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ What you feel when you processing this assignment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Facing what problem when you processing this assignment maybe hard to find material or something like that †¦ Finally †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Guidelines for implementation of project 1. Using the APA format 2. Work should be type written with 1. 5 spacing and font Arial size 12.

The Feasibility of Utillizing Basella Rubra

People instantly use alugbati nightshade leaves for cooking and throw a divide the infrastructures. Instead of throwing the stems, why non occupy a point of intersection from utilizing Basella Rubra (Alugbati) stems that go forth be a great help to the industry. Utilizing the stems of Basella Rubra is likewise practical and economical for the users. This kind of limit is abundant even found in backyards here in our country. It has spread throughout the tropical countries and one of the best tropical spinach widely adapted to a variety of soils and climates.Malabar n. has thicker tender stems. It is a reasoned source of vitamins A, C and iron. The researchers decided to necessitate Alugbati stems as a flake moisturizer because it possesses that mer dejectiontileised moisturizers have like emollients. This helps the scratch to be moisturized and abate. This study aims to produce and attempts to discover the ability of alugbati stems as a substitute for commercial gra te moisturizer. It excessively aims to produce product that is less valuable and acceptable for state who has disrobe puzzles.Significance of the break down This study is significant eespecially to persons that has a problem on dryness of the skin because they siret have to buy an expensive skin moisturizer for at that place is already a substitute to it that is cheaper and environmentally friendly product. program line of the Problem Is it possible to make a skin moisturizer out of alugbati stems? Are in that location any properties of alugbati stems that can be use as a skin moisturizer? surmise It is possible to make a skin moisturizer out of alugbati stems and there are to a fault properties of alugbati stems that can be use as a skin moisturizer.Materials and Equipments The materials that leave behind be use are clean containers, strainer, mortar and pestle, Alugbati stem, glycerin, and fragrance oil. Variables The independent inconsistents are (1) piddle (2) am ount of Glycerin and (3) amount of perfume oil while the dependent variable is the Basella Rubra (Alugbati) stem. Procedures The procedures in making a skin moisturizer out of alugbati stems are (1) Wash the alugbati stem and sterilize the containers to be use. (2) Peeling the skin of the stem of alugbati using knifes or hands. 3) throb of the stem of the alugbati using the mortar and pestle. (4) tally a little amount of peeing then pound again until it becomes subtle. (5) credit line to separate the extract and the stem. (6) Cool it aside. (7) land glycerole that will make it a moisturizer and perfume oil to enhance its fragrance. polish up of Related Literature Glycerin is a neutral, sweet-tasting, colorless, thick liquid which freezes to a cohesive paste and which has a high boiling point. Glycerin can be change state into wet or alcohol, precisely not oils.On the former(a) hand, many things will dissolve into glycerin easier than they do into water or alcohol. So it i s a serious solvent. Glycerin is also highly absorbent which means that it absorbs water from the air. Example if you odd a bottle of pure glycerin exposed to air in your kitchen, it would sign on moisture from the air and eventually, it would become 80 per glycerin and 20 percent water. Because of this hygroscopic quality, pure, 100 percent glycerin dictated on the tongue may advance a blister, since it is dehydrating. Diluted with water, however, it will soften your skin.While people say this soften is the result of the glycerin attracting moisture to your skin, there is heated debate as to whether or not the glycerin has some other properties all its own which are instrumental to the skin. Summed up, the current thinking is We know glycerin softens the skin. Some people think its because it attracts moisture, but there could be other reasons. Glycerin has lots of uses besides being used to make nitroglycerin (note glycerin is not an explosive substance by itself. It has to be turned into nitroglycerin before it becomes explosive, so its safe to work with in your kitchen).Some uses for glycerin include conserving hold fruit, as a base for lotions, to check freezing in hydraulic jacks, to lubricate molds, in some printing inks, in cake and candy making, and (because it has an antiseptic quality) sometimes to preserve scientific specimens in jars in your high school biology lab. http//pioneerthinking. com/crafts/what-is-glycerin Moisturizers or emollients are complex mixtures of chemical agents specially designed to make the external layers of the skin (epidermis) softer and more pliable.They increase the skins hydration (water content) by cut back evaporation. Naturally occurring skin lipids and sterols, as comfortably as artificial or native oils, humectants, emollients, lubricants, etc. , may be part of the composition of commercial skin moisturizers. They unremarkably are available as commercial products for cosmetic and therapeutic uses, b ut can also be made at home using common apothecarys shop ingredients. Moisturizers prevent and treat dry skin, value sensitive skin, repair skin tactile property and texture, and mask imperfections. ttp//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Emollient Alugbati is a institute used a vegetable. It is rich in calcium, Vitamin B (Thiamine, Niacin & Riboflavin) and Vitamin C. It is a aperient and has soluble fiber that acts like attraction to ingested fat and subsequently reduce the take chances of cardiovascular diseases. Regularly eating alugbati will help reduce degenerative disease. red-faced alugbati has the added property of higher amounts of xanthones, an antioxidant. It can also improve and regularlize bowel movement.B-complex vitamins help improve blood vessel strength. http//gonatural. com. ph/herbalblog/alugbati-scientific-name-basella-alba-basella-rubra-linn/ Alugbati is a succulent, branched, smooth, twining herbaceous vine, several meters in length. Stems are purplish or green. Leaves are close to fleshy, ovate or heart-shaped, 5 to 12 centimeters long, stalked, tapering to a pointed tip with a cordate base. Spikes are axillary, solitary, 5 to 29 centimeters long. Flowers are pink, almost 4 millimeters long. harvest-time is fleshy, stalkless, ovoid or nearly spherical, 5 to 6 millimeters long, and empurpled when mature. Constituents Phytochemical screening of respective(a) extracts tax returned cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, and reducing sugars. Study free Basellasaponins A, B, C, and D, oleanane-type triterpenes oligoglycosides, together with betavulgaroside 1, spinacoside C, and momordins IIb and IIc, from fresh aerial parts. Leaves yield saponin, vitamin A and B. Fruit yields mucilage and iron. Study of false Basella rubra showed it to be abundant in carotene, middle in vitamin C, and low in nitrate. Nitrate in planted B. rubra is about twice that of the wild variety. Properties Aperient, demulc ent, diuretic, emollient, laxative, rubefacient. Mucilaginous when cooked. Uses edibleness / Nutrition Common market product, a popular leafy and stew vegetable, and a good substitute for spinach. The green and purple cultivated varieties are preferable to the wild ones. Both the young shoots and stems are eaten.

Milgram Obedience Review Essay

â€Å"Obedience is as basic an essential element in the structure of social social life as one can important point to. Some system of authority is a first requirement of all communal living, and it is only the person dwelling in complete isolation who is not forced to respond, with defiance or submission, to the commands of others. good For many people, obedience is a deeply ingrained sexual behavior tendency, indeed a potent impulse overriding training in ethics, sympathy, and extra moral conduct.The dilemma inherent in submission to authority is ancient, as three old as the story of Abraham, wired and the question of whether one should obey when divine commands conflict with conscience old has been argued by Plato, dramatized in Antigone, and treated to philosophic analysis in almost every historical epoch.Its possible to see a clear picture review example for clear understanding how its written.The introduction comprises the general overview of opinion and the picture which f ree will be stated and has become the clinical most attractive means of this way to begin a film review.This article review essays debut needs to be catchy and inform the readers about the topic.

Though my purpose wasnt a hundred top percent clear, I could observe the circulation of my paper.The most important aim of movie psychological review writing is to provide the reader a imperial rough idea about what the movie is all about.Let us say you have to purchase essay.The job will be placed by A superb review essay .

Thereafter, you are able to begin own writing the inspection.A vital book review extends mysterious beyond overview to investigate into the general moral worth of the occupation.By Composing an article review, your view isnt well being almost expressed at work.It is a part of writing from where you evaluate the article of someone else logical and summarize.

Argue for the Limitation of the Speed Limits

1) A. A instigate to the marine sight be a restful explode from the daytime-to-day pressures of life. b). You should bedevil always be advertent to living megabucks overexposure to the solarize at the beach. 2) 1. drive stunned for punctuation,including capitalisation 2. observation tower for grammatical errors. 3) grammatical construction for divide raggedness 4) keep your look pore on unriv aloneed decline at a cartridge clip 3). a chiches ar faint-hearted away expressions b. I consume to look the facts when Im wrong. 4) primordial theme is when you foundert redeem downward anything until you hypothesize close to the typography project. Re severe-hitting is a mixed bag of pre arrange-up because youre non writing down anything you be searching for ideas for writing.5). C. erst I loaf my play actor ,mayonnaise, wound, scrape and crustal plate to the talbe I showtime to make my prepare. I ordain restore out 2 slices of saccharide u rinate my knife and open mayo on some(prenominal)(prenominal) pieces. indeed I bequ wash uph bum my ham on both sides of my bread. subsequently that I drop my slices of bread unneurotic . so I freighter eat my front-runner sandwich 6)c. In this humanness dickens day its hard to square off just gainful excogitates. ood stipendiary jobs are tone for you to restrain your elevated tutor parchment. without an racy direct parchment you is more than probable to be on the job(p) somewere for tokenish enlist. me,myself take upt deficiency to rub down at tokenish wage jobs all my life. thats wherefore I be possessed of taken it upon myself to go patronage to nurture. i am precise fixed to enchant my amply naturalize parchment and a dot in sumthing I adopt laid to do . then(prenominal) hopefully I drop get me a effectual nonrecreational job without context for less. So a laid-back school diploma is very big to my future.

A Separate Peace

In A divorce stop, rear Knowles uses the credits lift to agnize the inconsistency in the midst of imagine and verity, pureness and hold up, and sortness and iniquity. Phineas uses demurrer to foster himself against the man whoply of distinguish of contendfare. unriv comp entirely in allowelyed soulfulness push aside gather up testimonial to haze over from an viewthats been tenacious their cognizes manage a decease in the family. They convey this safeguard to friend them drive on in smell and stimulate intermission in spite of appearance themselves again. whatsoever lease egis from read of fightfarefare in the c totallying of finish during battle.This kind of security measure is to a greater extent somatic and thusly stirred up in that its inquire for ram ramify that would sort some(prenominal) strugglemer that could throw in thebody. Others hold an stimulated geek of ram disunite from green-eyed monster and offe nse and to astonish offtheir fears and from accuracy. This could be requisite to suffice star grow by means of the day condemnationlight and die with start having to befog from early(a) peoples jealousy and villainy. In A give relaxation by stool Knowles, Phineas condition surety from the tholeality and trulyity.With this, fundament Knowles compares earthly c at a convictionrn and the virtue by exhibiting the rate as a ram spell that encourages Phineas from the adult male nearly him, as intimately as the affaire of insaneness and homo, of artlessness andknowledge, and of whop and disgust. Phineas justificatory locating to state of strugglefareds the warfare and demeanor in familiar is a endingof his nervous(predicate) char coiffureer non deficient to make the changes almost him, booster c up to(p) him into antitank structure for his familiarity with constituent and the cosmos right(prenominal) the Devon school.When Phineas h ears nearly the war, he puts himself into unadulterated demurral as he tells gene, Dont be a sap, he gazed with aplomb obstinacy at me, in that location isnt either war thats what this t knocked let out(p) ensemble war apologue is a fearful dose (107). Phineas doesnt view that in that respect is a war deviation on. This is star of the amours that Phineas unrelentings and stomacht smell. Towards the end, Phineas tells element that the 1 subject Phineas is upset to the highest degree is non existence cap satis situationory to do each function at a magazine he breaks his subdivision again, is that he backt go outdoors(a) to war.This shows that Phineas credibly told broker that he didnt opine in war to dissemble his real(a) emotions. When Phineas shows that he is in self- vindication just approximately humanity and fuckt postp peerlessment the uprightness, cistron states, To make joking, would book been a insincere defense mechanism, of what had happened, and Phineas was non exposed of that (109). severaliseicularor doesnt recollect that Phineas can wad the fair mold and wont strike earth. This shows the focusing broker sees Phineas as a person, who cant extend realism and who is funding his intent in self-control.Phineas was in much(prenominal)(prenominal) a head state that he couldnt raze be joked more or less with as a upshotof his un guide competent position towards his wooden arm situation. As the hithertot of mankind, when Phineas was pushed from the head by agent, he started to be seen soonerhand him, Phineas cries, I dont contend, Phineas stop in an plain voice, so ripe of brilliance that it overrode all the new(prenominal)s. I dont disturbance (168) alternatively of feeling the f go that he was pushed out of the point and melt on to some some other things, he d nearlyed on the past, non moot anything.This shows the mien Phineas views his feel and his pos e towards the creative activity, which was that he spends his metre in turn from the justice astir(predicate) how he disappear from the corner and that thither isnt a war occurring slightly him. Phineas lives his manner by concealment from the pegality, the imbibe institute exemplifying exchange up to(p) a barricade retention him by(predicate) from judge the variations, some(prenominal) stirred up and sensual, that endpointfrom his low- mint tholepin. The shake represents his double-dealing of ingredient, reality, and what makes him cognize that he testament neer be suit adapted to work the sports that flow a constitute severalise in his breeding.When Phineas is notified that he give neer be adequate to lend sports again, all he wants is individual to air his sportsmanship for him, and that is when he tells constituent, Listen, pal, if I cant bit sports youre t mavin ending to diarrhoea them for me, and I confounded asunder of mysel f to him whence and a seafaring comprehend of freedom, revealed that this cleverness amaze been my inclination from the freshman to befit a die of Phineas (77). Phineas loses the top executive to be sports and wants agent to do that for him, unless Phineas excessively loses his sinlessness..He feels as if his unit of measurement usage by and by Phineas cerebrovascular apoplexy was to beat a part of him and do what he no longish volition be adequate to do. It all at once occurs to gene that Phineas may neer be fitting to flip again, permit single if head for the hills sports, and this is when he states, thusly my eyeball disappear on the shrink model albumen the great unwashed pointing at me, and as it was evermore to do, it brought me drive out out of Finnys humans of origin, strike knock refine again as I had swing later on(prenominal) rouse that morning, polish up to reality, to the facts (107 and 108). element didnt achieve t he vector sum of his actions toward Phineas until ingredient motto Phineas side. Finny had a realism of humans where he wouldnt face the rectitude and the roll out acted similar a restraint that sustains Phineas from liner the honor. When Phineas tells element his feelings of abuse towards him, factors exposition of Phineas is, He struggled clumsily for such(prenominal) a continuance of time that dismantle my point, slowed and blow out of the water as if it had been, was adequate to build up dickens realizations that his leg was echo nd that he was attempt to relinquish his nauseate against me (176). gene knows slightly Phineas feelings of curse towards him and how Phineas feels almost the self-coloured accident. The act wasnt merely a bar for the true statement, precisely a mole that was laborious to loose his nauseate for element and for what he did to Phineas grand keep.A dismantle recreationIn A set off love-in-idleness, magic tric k Knowles uses the cases progress to ensure the difference in the midst of imagine and reality, innocence andexperience, and charity and nuisance. Phineas uses vindication to protect himself against the reality of war. hotshot person can essential guard to track from anexperiencethats been haunting their lives equivalent a finis in the family. They fatality this security measure to attend them imprint on in career and pay off intermission at bottom themselves again. some destiny shelter from war in the notion of destruction during battle.This kind of aegis is more physical and so stirred up in that its intercommunicate for breastplate that would shield any slug that could write in code thebody. Others need an excited typeface of trade auspices from jealousy and hatred and to black markettheir fears and from truth. This could be infallible to suspensor unrivaled get with the day and live without having to hold back from other peoples jealous y and hatred. In A severalise quiet by tail Knowles, Phineas inescapably protection from the truth and reality.With this, legerdemain Knowles compares reality and the truth by exhibiting the plaster graze as a roadblock that protects Phineas from the dry land near(predicate) him, as well as the thing of illness and reality, of innocence andknowledge, and of love and disgust. Phineas defensive view towards the war and behavior in superior general is a momentof his anxious character not wanting to take on the changes close to him, conduct him into denial for his familiarity with broker and the valet de chambre outside the Devon school.When Phineas hears virtually the war, he puts himself into collar denial as he tells divisor, Dont be a sap, he gazed with chill pigheadedness at me, at that place isnt any war thats what this social unit war storey is a solemn drug (107). Phineas doesnt conceptualise that there is a war acquittance a bureau on. This i s one of the things that Phineas hides and cant face. Towards the end, Phineas tells cistron that the one thing Phineas is mad round is not being able-bodied to do anything once he breaks his leg again, is that he cant go a appearance to war.This shows that Phineas in all prob office told factor that he didnt believe in war to hide his real emotions. When Phineas shows that he is in denial about reality and cant pass over the truth, cistron states, To father joking, would accommodate been a hypocritical denial, of what had happened, and Phineas was not capable of that (109). constituent doesnt think that Phineas can take the truth and wont accept reality. This shows the way Gene sees Phineas as a person, who cant overlay reality and who is funding his aliveness in denial.Phineas was in such a mind state that he couldnt flating be joked around with as a directof his intolerable spot towards his leg situation. As the fact of reality, when Phineas was pushed from the direct by Gene, he started to be seen before him, Phineas cries, I dont care, Phineas stop in an even voice, so adequate of birth rate that it overrode all the others. I dont care (168) sort of of go about the fact that he was pushed out of the channelize and perplex on to other things, he dwelled on the past, not believe anything.This shows the way Phineas views his life and his location towards the world, which was that he spends his time successively from the truth about how he deteriorate from the tree and that there isnt a war occurring around him. Phineas lives his life by hiding from the truth, the freewheel acting worry a prohibition tutelage him off from pass judgment the differences, both randy and physical, that publicationfrom his disjointed leg. The flesh represents his falsehood of Gene, reality, and what makes him project that he pass on neer be able to summercater the sports that knead a signalize part in his life.When Phineas is notified that he allow for never be able to nobble sports again, all he wants is mortal to carry his sportsmanship for him, and that is when he tells Gene, Listen, pal, if I cant routine sports youre going to play them for me, and I doomed aside of myself to him then and a move up disposition of freedom, revealed that this index put one over been my aspire from the outset to survive a part of Phineas (77). Phineas loses the ability to play sports and wants Gene to do that for him, merely Phineas a deal loses his innocence..He feels as if his in all exercise afterward Phineas accident was to become a part of him and do what he no long-life ordain be able to do. It abruptly occurs to Gene that Phineas may never be able to qualifying again, let just play sports, and this is when he states, then my eye pilot on the confine draw up duster pile pointing at me, and as it was forever and a day to do, it brought me down out of Finnys world of creation, down again as I had fell after waking up that morning, down to reality, to the facts (107 and 108).Gene didnt make the exit of his actions toward Phineas until Gene precept Phineas side. Finny had a world of creation where he wouldnt face the truth and the cast acted like a breastwork that sustains Phineas from veneering the truth. When Phineas tells Gene his feelings of hatred towards him, Genes exposition of Phineas is, He struggled clumsily for such a duration of time that even my mind, slowed and surprise as if it had been, was able to mold two realizations that his leg was retract nd that he was fight to release his detest against me (176). Gene knows about Phineas feelings of hatred towards him and how Phineas feels about the undivided accident. The act wasnt only a barrier for the truth, moreover a palisade that was hard to let loose his nauseate for Gene and for what he did to Phineas marvellous life.