The Experiment :: essays research papers

The ExperimentThe Experiment was written based off the moralistic war between whether or no cloning is right. It involves three main people Jude, Skyler and Tizzie. Jude is a newspaper reporter and has been dating Tizzie for quite awhile. Tizzie is a posit who studies gibe and the different types. Jude was doing a newspaper article and that was how he met Tizzie. He had to get information for the article and was told that Tizzie was the person to talk to when it came to twins. She happened to be a super recognized doctor in that field. While all of this is going on in New York, Skyler, Judes clone, is living on an island with many other clones, even though they dont know theyre clones. Skyler and his best friend discover that something happening on the island was wrong and dangerous. They plan on an escape, but Skylers friend dies in the attempt. Skyler grows up there and falls in love with one of the females on the island who happened to be Tizzies clone. Skyler and Tizzies clo ne decide that they deficiency to find out what has really been going on, on that island for so long. They dig through the offices trying to find just the smallest bit of information that could help them in their search. One day Skyler was out and felt that something was amiss. So that no one would know of Skyler and the girls search they conjured up a way to on the QT communicate when to meet each other and where. It involved a rock, a tree and where the rock was place by the tree. Well, when Skyler got the chance he went to check on the rock because he hadnt seen his love in a very long time. Later he finds out that she was killed in The Lab with all of her organs taken. He managed to escape the island and make it to the mainland. After a long while he made his way to New York and found out that he looked barely like a man he saw in the newspaper Jude. Meanwhile, Jude has his own struggles with being stalked by large men with white streaks in their hair. One night, Skyler finds out where Jude lives and decides to take a visit. Just is very startled when he first meets him, but gradually gets use to the idea that they were either twins or clones.

Emails in the workplace :: Workplace Essays

Electronic mail use is rapidly becoming more commonplace in the job world than a headphone call. The speed, cost, and flexibility of electronic mail have made electronic mail the definitive choice for todays business communions. McCune (1997) stated, E-mail, otherwise known as electronic mail, is the latest corporate communications tool (p. 14). Employees today are turning more to e-mail than to their telephones and fax machines for communication. This new high-tech form of communication brings a new set of guidelines and potential problems for employees and employers e-mail etiquette, e-mail overload, and e-mail harassment. To prevent potential problems, e-mails in the workplace should adhere to business guidelines.One business guideline employees should adhere to limits the number of non-work related e-mail sent and received while at work. Today, many employees receive an overwhelming number of e-mails which can exploit e-mail overload. Ingham (2003) explained that E-mail over load occurs when the number of e-mails being sent and received becomes too difficult to manage, overwhelming the user (p.166). Due to the speed and low viewgraph of e-mail communications, e-mailing has become the preferred method of communication for most businesses. Most work-related e-mails are short business-related notes, memos, and reminders to and from coworkers which are easily managed. However, when employees start e-mailing coworkers personal notes they can separate from their coworkers work at hand. Personal employee e-mails are time-consuming to respond to and read. Many employees also share humorous and chain e-mails with coworkers. Humorous and chain e-mails only carry to the number of e-mails in an employees inbox. Beyond business-related e-mails, employees receive e-mails from friends and family. These personal matters also distract an employee from work related matters. Employees who use their work e-mail addresses for personal matters also often receive unsolici ted spam mail. To avoid e-mail overload, employees should strive to minimize the number of personal e-mails they compose and accept at their work address. By limit themselves to work related matters employees can avoid e-mail overload and be more productive with their work time.Another business guideline for employees is to follow bewitch etiquette rules in business e-mail communications. Understanding the rules of business e-mail etiquette is rapidly becoming an unstated required skill for employees. E-mail is the latest trend in corporate communication tools (McCune, 1997). Employees who use e-mail for communication must understand that they are representing the company for which they work. Every e-mail communication sent by an employee reflects tolerate on the company.

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings :: essays research papers

     Quote      Reaction1     pg. 8 Chap. 1"The sounds of the new morning had been replaced with grumbles close cheating houses, weighted scales, snakes, skimpy cotton and dusty rows. In later years I was to confront the stereotyped picture of gay song-singing cotton pickers with such(prenominal) an inordinate rage that I was told even by fellow blacks that my paranoia was embarrassing. But I had seen the fingers cut by the mean little cotton boils, and I had witnessed the backs and shoulders and limb and legs resisting any further demands."     The importance of this quote is very integral to the rest of the book. To be able to criticize something you should have experienced it. This passage shows that Maya has experienced the non-privilege of macrocosm a Negro during the thirties, and experienced it at a young age. Maya wrote that she later confronted the stereotype, She had a right to beca use of her previous position.2     pg.14 chap. 2"Bailey and I decided to swindle a scene from The Merchant of Venice , but realized that Momma would question us about the author and that wed have to tell her that Shakespeare was white, And it wouldnt matter to her whether or not he was dead. So we chose The Creation by James Weldon Johnson "     This excerpt is crucial because it puts yet an other(a) facet on segregation. Really the blacks and whiteswere both afraid of each other equally. The only difference was that the whitefolks were in a position to act on those fears.3     pg.25 chap 4."In Stamps the segregation was so complete that most saturnine children didnt really, absolutely know what whites looked like. Other than they were different, to be dreaded, and in that dread was included the hostility of the powerless against the powerful, the poor against the rich, The worker against the worked for, and t he ragged against the well dressed. I bring forward never believing that whites were really real."     The first line really does a good job of summing up the situation in Stamps but the key branch of this quotation is the very last line. "I remember never believing that whites were really real." This statement really makes the whole situation clear in that it really brings home how someone can think that an entire race of people dont exist.4     pg.48 chap 7"The judge asked that Mrs. Henderson be subpoenaed, and when Momma arrived and said that she was Mrs.

Order Out of Chaos Essay -- History, Roman Empire, Charlemagne

Volatility in the westward during the ninth and tenth centuries drove Europeans to strive for a more stable way of life. The institution of feudalism and St. benedicts monastic Rule arose in response to this problem and provided what the scattered kingdoms of the old Roman Empire were struggling to achieve. The death of Charlemagne, the succession of agent to his son, Louis, and the sign language of the Treaty of Verdun began the collapse of the strong and united Europe that had formerly been in place. Soon after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire the West started to face a myriad of problems. The renewed invasions of the Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims and the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire led to the emergence of a new type of relationship between degage individuals (Spielvogel 163). The decline in government authority and protection forced peasants, who made up the majority of the medieval population, to depend on land-owning lords and barons that acquired their properties as sovereign power decentralized. This relationship based on the context of the subjection of a subordinate to a superior became known as feudalism. Coinciding with the breakdown of government was a transformation of the church building through the way members of the religious community lived, worked, and worshiped. Monasticism, such as that developed by St. Benedict, formed as an answer to problems within the Church and a need for structure in religious life. St. Benedicts Rule and feudalism are leading examples of how there was a resolute reckon for stability in medieval Europe. With the breakdown of governments, powerful nobles took control of large areas of land. They needed men to fight for them, so the practice arose of giving grants of land to vass... ... season when much of the barbarian west was sole(prenominal) nominally Christian, Benedicts Rule kept alive the spirit of pursuing a life of church doctrine perfection (Reid 50). Benedicts rule, which was a sy nthesis of several rules, could be applied to any number of monasteries and locations (Vidmar 79). This universality of his rule helped to stabilize not only monasticism and the church, but also rub off on the common people and nobility that the monastics encountered. Feudalism and St. Benedicts monastic rule both correspond the search for stability in the medieval western world. Together they steadied the chaos caused by the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire and the destructive invasions of the ninth nose candy by correcting the military, political and religious status quo. This put the West on the road to advancement, expansion, and dominance in the centuries to come.

Comparing the Loss of Innocence in Cullens Incident and Naylor’s Mommy

Loss of Innocence in Cullens Incident and Naylors Mommy, What Does coon Mean? Unfortunately, a question that m both African Americans have to ask in electric razorhood is Mommy, what does nigger mean?, and the answer to this question depicts the racism that still thrives in America (345). Both Gloria Naylors Mommy, What Does Nigger Mean? and Countee Cullens Incident demonstrate how a word like nigger destroys a childs innocence and initiates the child into a world of racism. though the situations provoking the racial slur differ, the word nigger has the same effect on the vernal Naylor and the child in Cullens poem. A racist indian lodge devours the white childrens innocence, and, consequently, the white children embody the concept of racism as they consume the innocence of the black children by stereotyping them as niggers. The word nigger causes the young Naylor and the child in Cullens poem to begin viewing the world in terms of black and white, and the racial epithet establi shes an invisible barrier in the midst of the black and the white worlds. Neither child ever indicates the color of the people he/she speaks of. Naylor gives her most in-depth physical description of the child that calls her nigger when she recalls that she handed the paper to a little boy in back of me (344). Naylors vague description gives the appearance that the young Naylor sees no important distinctions between the boy and herself. However, the incident that the little boy calls her nigger proves not only that the boy sees a major distinction between himself and Naylor, but also that the boy is white (344). The child in Countee Cullens poem gives a similarly color-less description of the Baltimorean boy as he/she say... ...my grandmothers living room took a word that whites used to signify worthlessness or degradation and rendered it impotent (346). In this response to the derogatory term, Naylors essay offers a tool to campaign racism and a message of hope for the innocen t minority children which Cullens Incident lacks In the process of socialization in a racist society, a child may lose innocence, but a child may also gain strength and character by rising above any racist stereotypes society applies to him/her. Works Cited Cullen, Countee. Incident. African-American books A Brief Introduction and Anthology. Ed. Al Young. New York Harper Collins, 1996. 398. Naylor, Gloria. Mommy, What Does Nigger Mean? New Worlds of Literature Writings from Americas Many Cultures, second edition. Eds. Jerome Beatty and J. Paul Hunter. New York Norton, 1994. 344-47.

Comparing the Loss of Innocence in Cullens Incident and Naylor’s Mommy

Loss of Innocence in Cullens Incident and Naylors Mommy, What Does Nigger Mean? Unfortunately, a question that numerous African Americans have to ask in childhood is Mommy, what does common racoon mean?, and the answer to this question depicts the racism that still thrives in America (345). Both Gloria Naylors Mommy, What Does Nigger Mean? and Countee Cullens Incident demonstrate how a word like nigger destroys a childs innocence and initiates the child into a origination of racism. Though the situations provoking the racial slur differ, the word nigger has the same effect on the young Naylor and the child in Cullens poem. A antiblack society devours the unclouded childrens innocence, and, consequently, the white children embody the concept of racism as they consume the innocence of the black children by stereotyping them as niggers. The word nigger causes the young Naylor and the child in Cullens poem to begin viewing the world in terms of black and white, and the racial epith et establishes an invisible rampart between the black and the white worlds. Neither child ever indicates the color of the people he/she speaks of. Naylor gives her most in-depth physical description of the child that calls her nigger when she recalls that she reach the papers to a little boy in back of me (344). Naylors vague description gives the appearance that the young Naylor sees no important distinctions between the boy and herself. However, the fact that the little boy calls her nigger proves not only that the boy sees a major distinction between himself and Naylor, but also that the boy is white (344). The child in Countee Cullens poem gives a similarly color-less description of the Baltimorean boy as he/she say... ...my grandmothers living path took a word that whites used to signify worthlessness or degradation and rendered it impotent (346). In this response to the derogatory term, Naylors essay offers a incision to fight racism and a message of hope for the innocen t minority children which Cullens Incident lacks In the process of socialization in a antiblack society, a child may lose innocence, but a child may also gain strength and character by rising above any racist stereotypes society applies to him/her. Works Cited Cullen, Countee. Incident. African-American Literature A Brief Introduction and Anthology. Ed. Al Young. juvenile York Harper Collins, 1996. 398. Naylor, Gloria. Mommy, What Does Nigger Mean? New Worlds of Literature Writings from Americas Many Cultures, second edition. Eds. Jerome Beatty and J. Paul Hunter. New York Norton, 1994. 344-47.

Milgram study

The world came to know about the kind of research that Stanley Milgram had just started to explore in 1963 when he started to make his investigates known to the public. One of the major consequences of his studies was the maturement and establishment of ethics in research especially those involving human disciplines. However, that became more like a serendipitous outcome of an entirely different pursuit in studying behavior.What Milgram set out to study was the issue of obedience in retrospect of the holocaust and the probable reasons that many state then under the Nazi regime followed orders that were inhuman or barbaric. It was most around the investigation of Adolf Eichmann who manned the Gestapo persecutions during the said Holocaust this person had to face charges of genocide which was held in Jerusalem (Milgram, 1963).The experiment involved what Milgram called the learner, the instructor and the experimenter who authorized the course and duration of the study. The learn er is the person who actually was employed to help the experiment (assumingly with the consent and guidance of Milgram). The nave or innocent person (the learner) will work with the same group of people but one who was actually a good actor. The teachers will conduct the tasks designate to him about the memory exercise he was to supervise which was the learner will be able to accomplish later an evaluation takes place of what that person (the learner) may have retained. If the learner commits mistakes, varied or graduated shocks were to be applied with matching painful and agonizing sounds that can be heard (Morris & Maisto, 1999).The experiment showed that disrespect attempts by the learner to communicate to the teacher/volunteer that the painful shocks should be stopped, whenever the experimenter (e.g. Milgram) was asked about stopping the treatment and the latter affirming that this was a part of the experiment, an overwhelming approximately 65% continued administering the sho cks. What was even astounding was that when the person playacting as if in sheer agony and even almost dying or breathless, the teacher continued to administer these shocks which were increasing in intensity (Morris & Maisto, 1999).What were the implications of the study? An important lesson could be gaining insight as to peoples reasons why they may subject other people who were innocent to these painful episodes. Like the SS men of Eichmann during the captivity of the Jews in the early 40s, men who were deeply religious to a large degree, practise the orders despite what have been obvious clashes of understanding (Morris & Maisto, 1999). Authority figures cannot be denied as people who ought to be listened. Factors for a brief view on the implications point to peoples previous upbringing or how they were inculcated on by caregivers and figures who acted as people in authority and the value of obedience.Works citedMilgram, Stanley. Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of deviat e and Social Psychology, (1963). 67, 371-378.Morris, Charles & Albert A. Maisto. Understanding psychology, 4th ed. Prentice hall, Inc. USA. (1999).

Attitude Persuasion

Introduction The word positioningis an expression of favor or discriminate toward a person, place, thing, or event. Prominent psychologistGordon Allport(1935) once described lieu the most distinctive and indispensable concept in contemporarypsychology. The words stanceand mentation are often found together, as in the phrasepersuasion and attitude change. horizon is an attempt to change massess attitudes. For example, advertisers try to persuade probable customers to buy a product. To do this, they try to create a positive attitude toward the product.Social psychologists pick out emphasized that an attitude ispreparation for conduct. Otherwise, nobody would care slightly attitudes. An advertiser would non try to make you feel more positive or liking toward a product unless this was assumed to affect your likelihood of purchasing the product. Attitude as an inward feeling expressed by outward behavior. People always project on the outside what they feel on the inside. entire ly some people try to mask their attitude. You have developed attitudes about such issues, and these attitudes influence your beliefs as well as your behavior.Attitudes are an important issue of study within the field ofsocial psychology. What exactly is an attitude? How does it develop? Studies show that how psychologists define this concept, how attitudes influence our behavior and things we groundwork do to change attitudes. Definitions i. A settled way of thinking or feeling typically reflected in a persons behavior. A position of the body proper to or implying an action or mental state the boy was standing in an attitude of despair. ii.Attitude is a proportionally enduring organization of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies towards socially significant objects, groups, events or symbols (Hogg & Vaughan 2005, p. 150) iii. A psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993, p. 1) Ex planation An attitude is a cognition (form of thought) that is formed through experience and influences our behavior. The fact that attitudes areformed through experiencemeans that we can, potentially, change them. When a ersuader gives a message to an hearing member, that message becomes part of the listeners experience, and it can affect his or her attitudes. The fact that attitudesinfluence our behaviormeans that we can function persuasion as a means to achieve our goals when the behavior, or actions, or others can help attain those goals. Attitudes have two basic comp whiznts beliefs and value. Beliefs are, roughly, statements of facts. Beliefs are potentially verifiable. We say a belief is true or correct when it affectms to reflect the humanity and false or incorrect when it seems contradicted by the world.Values are judgments of worth, like good or bad, helpful or useless, expensive or cheap, efficient or inefficient. Together, these cognitions (thoughts), beliefs and v alues, form attitudes. (M. Clubertson, 1968)Attitudes are learned from experience and also influence our behavior. A persons attitude is a composite of all the relevant belief/value pairs, with the more important ones influencing the attitude more. You can change a persons attitude by changing either the belief or the value (but non both), or by creating new belief/value pairs (or by changing the relative splendor of belief/value pairs).Persuasion is, quite simply, the use of messages to influence an audience. The messages that make up persuasive discourse areinstrumental, or means to ends or goals of the persuader. Companies use persuasion in the form of advertising to convince consumers to buy their products or services. Students use persuasion to convince their parents to increase their allowance, or let them go to see a particular movie, or to let them use the car. Parents can use persuasion to get their children to study or to clean up their rooms.People use persuasion to get their friends to go to see a certain movie, or a band, or to hang out at the mall. Persuasion can convince some other person to go out on a date. It can convince a teacher to accept a paper after the due date. Of course, people can also usethreatsto get what they want, but that is not persuasion. In persuasion, we try to convince the audience that they should want to do what we want them to donot that they should do it or else. One of the most powerful influences on attitude change is the motivation of people.Cognitive randomness Cognitive dissonanceis a phenomenon in which a person experiences psychological distress due to conflicting thoughts or beliefs. In order to reduce this tension, people may change their attitudes to reflect their other beliefs or actual behaviors. What all the definitions of attitude have in earthy isevaluation. An attitude is not just a neutral stance it is a value judgment, roaring or unfavorable, or likely to affect persuasion characteristics of th ecommunicator, thecommunication, and thesituation.People can be inoculated against attempts at persuasion and propaganda by exposing them to weak attacks and teaching them how to respond. (D. Crano, 2005) Cognitive dissonance conjecture emerged in the 1950s and had a large impact on social psychology. It is based on the assumption that people seek consistency between their behavior and their attitudes. If forced to do something that contradicts their value judgments or opinions, people feeldissonanceand are motivated to change either attitudes or behavior, to bring them into consonance (agreement) with one another.That makes the theory especially interesting and useful. A central question for Dissonance researcher has been the motivational bases for dissonance and the causes of the aversive state of dissonance arousal. In Aronsons(1992) ego concept analysis, dissonance arises from the inconsistent cognitions that threaten consistency, stability, predictability, competence and mora l goodness of self concept. In Steeles(1988) self affirmation Theory, dissonance arises from general self integrity.Stone and cooper(Peety and Wegener 1998) Proposed that dissonance arise when people fail to behave in a manner consistent with some valued self-standard. the specific motivation behind the dissonance purportedly depend on the type of self standard involved. Cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957) Festingers version of balance theory, called cognitive dissonance theory, suggests that when people have in mind two or more inconsistent thoughts or beliefs, they experience a state ofdissonance.This negative storm state is unpleasant, so they are motivated to try to reduce it by altering one or more of the cognitions in order to re-establish a state ofconsonance. Cognitive dissonanceis a term used in modernpsychologyto describe the feeling of discomfort when simultaneously holding two or more conflictingcognitions ideas, beliefs, values or emotional reactions. In a s tate of dissonance, people may sometimes feel disequilibrium frustration, hunger, dread, guilt, anger, embarrassment, anxiety, etc. Cognitive dissonance is one of the most important and extensively studied theories in social psychology.The theory of cognitive dissonance insocial psychologyproposes that people have amotivational driveto reduce dissonance by altering existing cognitions, adding new ones to create a consistent belief system, or alternatively by reducing the importance of any one of the dissonant elements. It is the distressing mental state that people feel when they find themselves doing things that dont fit with what they know, or having opinions that do not fit with other opinions they hold. A key assumption is that people want their expectations to meet reality, creating a sense of equilibrium.Likewise, another assumption is that a person forget avoid situations or information sources that give rise to feelings of uneasiness, or dissonance. Bogardus Social Distanc e scale For Bogardus an attitude is a tendency to act toward or against something in the environment which becomes thereby a positive or negative value. Conducted a monumental study on social distance still used the world over to examine cultural and ethnical attitudes. The Bogardus Social Distance scale measures attitudes about how close or distant people feel towards other people.Early in twentieth century E. S bogardus invented bogardus social distance scale is a technique for scaling attitude to measure social-psychology distance between various ethnic and racial groups Social Distance Scale(Bogardus, 1925) is where attitudes are inferred from the actions of the participant. The participant indicates the degree of intimacy which would be acceptable towards an individual or group, e. g. , Would you live next threshold to one? Each question has a value assigned it, and the sum of these will indicate the strength of attitudeConclusion Hence we conclude that an attitude can be a p ositive or negative evaluation of people, objects, event, activities, ideas, or just about anything in your environment, but there is debate about precise definitions. Persuasion is a powerful force in daily life and has a major influence on society as a whole. For example Politics, licit decisions, mass media, news and advertising are all influenced by the power of persuasion, and influence us in turn. What all the definitions of attitude have in common isevaluation.An attitude is not just a neutral stance it is a value judgment, favorable or unfavorable, for or ikely to affect persuasion characteristics of thecommunicator, thecommunication, and thesituation. People can be inoculated against attempts at persuasion and propaganda by exposing them to weak attacks and teaching them how to respond. REFERENCES Crano, W. (2005). Attitude and Persuasion. California Claremont Graduate University. Clubertson, H. (1968). Attitudes. Journal of Cooperative Extension, 79. Murchinson,C. (1985). Handbook of Social Psychology. Clark University Press .

Management Power and Change Essay

1 AbstractThe dynamics of king relations and their effects on organizational change was often underestimated by researchers. Analyses of the role played by power in organizational change ar increasing in intensity, home and impact (Munduate and Bennebroeck-Gravenhorst 2003). The appropriate and effective use of power is fundamental for managers engaged in major change processes. This report deals with the topic of management power and change. It focuses on the exercise of power and its function in organizational change. At first power and change management will be defined and then the bases or sources of power and the responses which are provoked according to the type of power being applied .how power can be used to curve and facilitate organizational change.2 Definition of PowerThere are many variations to the definition of power and there are disagreements on its definition and what the best way is to evaluate it. The definition also depends on the context in which power is used. In this case, since the report focuses on the explanation of the use of power in the setting of organizational change, power is the potential ability to influence behavior, to change the course of events, to overcome resistance, and to get people to do things that they would not another(prenominal)wise do (Pfeffer, 1993 204-5).2.1 Power and mildewIn trying to understand how change is achieved, social psychologists have used the concepts of social power and influence (Raven 1999) and therefore the terms power and influence are sometimes used synonymously, but there are discrepancies between them. sociable power indicates the various tools a person has to influence the environment or the other party, while influence is referring to the actual use of a specific tool in a particular situation (Munduate and Medina 2009). According to French and Raven (1959) influence is a force one person (the leader or agent) exerts on someone else (follower or target) to induce a change in the latter, including changes in behaviors, attitudes, and values. Social power was subsequently defined as the potential ability of a person to influence someone else.Basically, influence is the effect a persons actions have on the attitudes, values, beliefs, or behavior of others. Whereas power is the capacity to cause a change in a person, influence may be vista of as the degree of actual change (Daft, 2006 679-680). Boddy defines influence as the process by which one party attempts to modify the behavior of others by mobilizing power resources. Hence, in order to apprehend the function of the change agent in the promotion of change in an organization, the reactions of the targets involving a proactive disposition toward change have to be considered first and then the available tools for the change agent to influence the targets (Munduate and Medina 2009).2.3 Types of Influence ProcessesThere are clear differences in the way followers comply to designate and indirect social pressur e from a leader and actually being convinced by him. In one case the influence may that be sufficient to exercise control over the followers behavior, guaranteeing a public agreement no matter if the followers are privately convinced. In another case the influence could be so strong that it changes the followers opinion and merely makes him committed to the leaders request. Consequently, different types of influences have been proposed by social psychologists, whereby the most important was Kelmans distinction (1961) between compliance, internalization, and identification.2.4 Bases of PowerFor a manager to be effective, he has to possess a source of power which he can use to influence employees to take actions or carry out orders which they would not have done in the absence of that power source.

Using Budgets for Control

Budgets provide a means for planning the financial future and play a vital role for planning. Budgets simultaneously make managers construct and implement plans, tolerate useful information for improved decision making, provide a standard to deal public presentation evaluation, and enhance organization and communication. An essential component of the budgeting system is control. Control periodically vexs actual results and budgeted results and comp ars the two. It to a fault allows for managers to frequently measure their performance from reports by providing performance evaluations.The master budget basis be separated into operating and financial budgets, each made up of distinctly supporting schedules. Implementing budgets enables managers to create a develop plan that allows for performance evaluation and improved control. Control involves the process of looking at the past, determining what really occurred and comparing it to previously projected results. Two processes whic h are significant to adjusting the budget are the control cycle and the planning cycle.Both are linked through feedback and in their final stage, involve budgets. Participative budgeting gives subordinate managers the opportunity to contribute considerable proposals for establishing budgets. A key factor in implementing participative budgeting is that each manager should only be held responsible for cost they can completely control. Any costs that are outside of their control that are included on their budgets need to be marked as non-controllable, and separated from those costs that can be controlled.Participative Budgeting also enables the manager with the chance to structure slack into the budget as a way to increase the probability that the manager will achieve the proposed budget and and then decrease the risk they may incur. This requires upper level management to carefully review budget proposals from subordinate management in order to decrease the heart and soul of slack p laced into the budget. Performance evaluation is a vital element in rating the performance of management as well as maintaining control.When development budgets for performance evaluations it can result in feedback frequency of performance, monetary as well as nonmonetary incentives, participative budgeting, attainable standards, a variety of measures of performance and the possibility of peremptory costs. By using frequent feedback on performance it gives managers a means to measure the success of their planning and enforce any corrective action. Monetary and nonmonetary incentives can aid in invoking a positive, goal congruent behavior in which goals at managerial and organizational levels agree.A simple example of performance evaluation could take place in a pizza restaurant that makes only pizzas. If the owner has an exact amount of blanketpings that he knows should be put on the pizzas and what that cost is, he can assess the amount of toppings being used. He might find that his workers are inadvertently topping some pizzas with more toppings than others. By encouraging his employees to top all pizzas with a consistent amount of toppings he can improve the consistency of the pizzas delivered to customers and increase savings on costs of toppings.If this same principle is unspoiled toward other aspects of the restaurant it could provide significant savings overall. Budgets contribute a valuable role in the success of a company. Implementing control and performance evaluations increases the long suit of the budget and provides guidelines for performance improvement in the business. Participative budgeting gives subordinate managers the ability to be involved and invokes a sense of responsibility while embracing creativity.However if not enforced correctly, the results can produce reduced control and padded budgets that can make it difficult to evaluate performance. Although budgets can contribute a valuable measure for managerial performance, they can still be manipulated by managers that are able to increase budgetary performance in the short-run yet cause significant legal injury to the business. Organizations need to utilize other qualified measures that take into consideration the financial or nonfinancial and short-run and long-run effects in order to vitiate any threats of myopic behavior.

Internet and Its Impact on Developing Countries

The net and its repair on maturation countries examples from chinaw atomic number 18 and India T. Kanti Srikantaiah Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois, ground forces and The net income and its impact on mainland china and India 199 true February 1998 Revised March 1998 Dong Xiaoying Peking University, Beijing, mainland China Introduction In the new nurture climate many countries ar relying on electronic access code to selective randomness by the lucre, which is revolutionising nurture management and randomness technology. Developed countries have ameliorate their communication systems and atomic number 18 able to share information in a user-friendly environment.They have used the net income in various sectors agriculture health public sector management exertion environment telecommunications trade etc. The Internet is now penetrating developing countries. This paper discusses the role of the Internet in such countries, with specific reference t o China and India. The Internet The idea of the Internet originated about 25 years ago at the US Defense Department Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), to keep track of data by means of computer hardware and software. The Internet is now a complex web of profits connected with high-speed links cutting across countries.There are no circumscribe boundaries for the Internet in cyberspace. Re centimeime statistics show 50,000 networks in to a greater extent than 100 countries with more than 50 million users (MIDS press release). It is estimated that the rate of growth in Internet use is just about 20 per cent a month. Currently the Internet is not proprietary and is available to anyvirtuoso with computer access connected to the external world. Since the USA launched the information superhighway in 1994, the Internet has come to play an ever-increasing role in the vast information market in many countries (Table I). Asian Libraries, Vol. 7 none 9, 1998, pp. 199-209. MCB Univ ersity Press, 1017-6748Asian Libraries 7,9 Country G-7 countries Canada France Germany Italy lacquer Great Britain USA Africa South Africa Cyprus Tunisia Jamaica Senegal Egypt Mozambique Burkina Faso Cameroon Ghana Kenya Morocco New Caledonia Niger Swaziland Host Initial connection Country Turkey Indonesia Philippines India China capital of Kuwait Malaysia United Arab Republic Kazakhstan Macau Fiji Uzbekistan Vietnam Lebanon Lithuania Latin America Brazil Mexico Chile Ecuador Peru Argentina Bermuda Venezuela Puerto Rico Costa Rica Guam Virgin Islands Nicaragua Panama Dominican Republic Host 22,963 10,861 4,309 4,794 25,594 3,555 6 994 1,136 1 0 153 3 1,128 2,761Initial connection 12/91 07/93 04/94 11/90 04/94 12/92 11/92 11/93 11/93 04/94 06/93 12/94 04/95 06/94 04/94 200 690,316 292,096 875,631 211,966 955,688 878,215 825,048 07/88 07/88 09/89 08/89 08/89 04/89 07/88 419 1,973 15 349 275 1,894 44 2 75 275 457 888 59 34 240 12/91 12/92 05/91 05/94 10/94 11/93 03/95 10/94 12/92 10/9 4 11/93 10/94 10/94 10/94 05/94 Asia and Middle East Taiwan 40,706 12/91 Table I. South Korea 132,370 04/90 diffusion of hosts Israel 61,140 08/89 connected to the Internet capital of Singapore 60,674 05/91 (1997) G-7 countries, Thailand 12,794 07/92 Africa, Asia, Middle East and Latin America Source of host number http// entanglement. w. com/zone/www/dist-byname. html, 1997 68,685 126 19,168 1,078 6,510 18,985 1,648 4,679 114 4,259 91 7 743 390 25 06/90 02/89 04/90 07/92 11/93 10/90 05/90 02/94 10/89 01/93 10/93 03/93 02/94 06/94 04/95 Malaysias Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohammed, once said It can be no misadventure that there is today no wealthy developed awkward that is information poor, and no information rich country that is poor and underdeveloped (Nagy, 1991, p. 57). This statement emphasises the importance of the Internet for developing countries.From an international perspective access to and use of the Internet is unbalanced there are obvious gaps between developed and developing countries in terms of the numbers of nets, hosts and users. As a study from the Panos Institute indicated The Internet and its impact on Table I provides data on hosts and connection dates for selected countries in China and India Africa, Latin America, Asia and Pacific, along with G-7 countries for comparison.Of the hosts 56 per cent were in the USA, 26 per cent in Europe, 16 per cent in Canada and Latin America, 12 per cent in Asia and the Middle East, and the dwelling 1 per cent were in African countries. The G-7 countries took about 80 per cent of total nets connected with the Internet, and the number of nets in 55 developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America amounted to further 5 per cent. According to another study, based on data from human beings Bank frugal and cordial indicators, the correlation of Internet nodes with GNP per capita is 0. 88 per cent.Adjusted for population size, the country with the highest density of nodes for population was Swit zerland. The USA ranked six-spotth, and India was one of the lowest. So the revolution in electronic publishing and accessing is not really spheric (Jacobson, 1994). The timing of connection to the Internet is epochal. For instance, while most developed countries obtained their connections to the Internet between 1988 and 1990, developing countries began around 1994-95. even so now many developing countries do not have Internet facilities. An approximate date of Internet connectivity for selected countries is also given in Table I.The World Bank has published data on various economic and social indicators for 133 countries. Table II shows data on population, literacy and GNP for selected developing countries and the G-7 countries. Tables I and II show a definite correlation among GNP per capita, population, analphabetism and number of networks connected with the Internet. The data show that the higher(prenominal) the GNP per capita and the lower the illiteracy rate, the great t he number of links to the Internet, whereas indicators such as higher population, higher illiteracy and lower GNP per capita accompany fewer connections to the Internet.For most developing countries Internet connections brought the friendly opportunity of leapfrog development through participating and competing in global trade, share information globally in education, look into and manufacturing/productivity sectors, and alleviating p everywherety, contributing to improved social and economic indicators. culture environment in China and India China and India are the two most populous countries in the world. With more than 2 million people in these two countries, the market for the Internet is vast.In addition, both China and India are information-rich countries with a long tradition of learning, publishing and media activities. Both countries have lately experienced phenomenal growth in economic terms. According to a World Bank report, the annual average growth of GNP during t he period 1985-94 in China and in India was around 7 per cent and 3 per cent respectively (World Bank Atlas, 1996). Compared with other developing countries of the akin scale, China and India have shown significant growth in the development here is a danger of a new information elitism which excludes the majority of the worlds population (John, 1995). 201 Asian Libraries 7,9 G-7 countries Canada France Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom USA Africa Cameroon Egypt Kenya South Africa Asia China Indonesia India Malaysia Thailand Latin America Argentina Brazil Mexico Peru GNP per capita in US$, 1994 Real growth rate, 1985-94 (%) Population, 1994 (000) ontogenesis rate, 1985-94 (%) Illiteracy rate, 1990 (%) 202 19,570 23,470 25,580 19,270 34,630 18. 410 25,860 680 710 260 3,010 530 880 310 3,520 2,210 8,060 3,370 4,010 1,890 0. 4 1. 7 1. 9 1. 3. 2 1. 4 1. 3 6. 6 1. 6 0. 0 1. 4 6. 9 6. 0 2. 9 2. 7 8. 2 1. 9 0. 4 0. 6 2. 5 29,121 57,726 81,141 57,154 124,782 58,088 260,529 12,871 57,556 2 6,017 41,591 1,190,918 189,907 913,600 19,498 58,718 34,180 159,143 91,858 23,331 1. 3 0. 5 0. 5 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 1. 0 2. 8 2. 0 2. 9 2. 4 1. 4 2. 0 2. 0 2. 5 1. 6 1. 4 1. 8 2. 2 2. 0 * * * 3 * * * 46 52 31 27 23 52 22 7 5 19 13 15 Table II. Basic indicators for selected developing countries and G-7 countries Notes = not available *according to UNESCO, illiteracy is less than 5 per cent Source The World Bank Atlas (1996) Washington DC World Bank ycle and in the utilisation of information technologies and information management. The steep decrease in the price of personal computers, proliferating software in Asia and the multimedia influx have contributed to growing markets and Internet use in China and India. Sales of PCs in these regions have expanded more than 20 per cent each year (Sherry, 1995, p. 71). A rating scale by the Gartner Group predicts a long-term authority for information technology in the Asian and Pacific region (Gartner Group, 1996).The rating is based on populat ion, education, GDP, economic growth, government support to IT, popularity of IT, IT industry (and its competitiveness), the industry type and international perspective. Table III shows details for China and India, as well as selected countries for comparison. The total rating score for China was 75 and for India 58. In China the population of 1. 2 billion lives on 9. 6 million square kilometres. With its long civilisation and tradition of learning, and with its economy CountryEconomic Government Popularity constancy Total Population Education GDP growth support to IT of IT Competitive type planetary score 9 9 4 3 4 8 7 4 9 8 7 5 9 9 7 6 5 6 3 2 2 5 4 1 5 2 18 10 12 17 16 12 12 12 14 14 8 5 8 5 6 6 8 4 9 8 7 6 0 2 10 9 7 3 6 8 3 4 7 10 0 1 9 9 7 3 5 7 1 3 7 10 6 7 5 4 5 7 7 4 7 7 6 5 8 7 4 2 4 2 7 5 6 4 4 3 53 50 75 58 58 58 62 52 50 55 62 60 The Internet and its impact on China and India 203 USA 8 Japan 8 China 10 India 10 Indonesia 8 South Korea 6 Malaysia 3 The Philippines 6 Si ngapore 1 Taiwan 4 Thailand 6 Vietnam 6 Source Gartner Group (1996), China Infoworld, Vol. 1, 29 July Table III. Long-term potential of information technology in Asian and Pacific countries growing rapidly since 1980, China has become one of the most powerful information resources and an integral part of the world information community. In 1995 there were 101,381 books, 7,583 kinds of magazines (4,014 are scientific and technical journals) and 2,089 newspapers (205 national and 844 provincial newspapers) published by nearly 600 publishers nationwide (Handbook of Press, 1996). There are 1,080 universities located in 29 provinces, and more than one million students graduate each year.There are 350,000 libraries of different types public, university and school, research, military and labour union libraries. There are plans to have at least(prenominal) one library in each village and urban range in China by the year 2000. Government has always been the biggest information producer a nd consumer. A total of 34 information centres belonging to different central government departments, China Statistical Bureau, China Economic reading effect and theme Scientific and Technical Commission (NSTC) distribute and collect information from the central government at provincial, city and county levels.Chinese general information systems are divided into six categories (1) information centres affiliated with the matter Scientific and Technical Commission (2) information centres belonging to central government ministries (3) information centres of a provincial nature (4) information centres of a specialised nature affiliated to regional governments (5) information centres affiliated with state enterprises, universities and other research institutions Asian Libraries 7,9 204 (6) information centres of non-governmental, regional, professional and similar bodies (Dong, 1995).Since 1994, the global upsurge of the information highway has influenced Chinese decision-makers. Chin as information superhighway, consisting of eight golden projects, covers networks among universities, industry and state enterprises. The public need for the Internet and its potential are vast. India, which gained independence in 1947, covers a vast area of over 3. 2 million square kilometres and has a population of more than 900 million. In the area of information India is relatively rich, being the seventh largest publisher in he world. It also supports a flourishing book industry some 11,000 publishers publish more than 18,000 monographs each year and there are more than 30,000 periodicals, of which 5,000 are in English. There are thousands of book-sellers, more than 196 universities and 8,100 colleges and research institutions. The student population in higher education alone exceeds 5 million. In Delhi alone, there are 360 booksellers, six universities, 80 colleges, approximately 40 research institutions and over 100 government agencies.Government offices and quasi-government offices at central, state, district, subdistrict and village levels produce and consume vast amounts of information. At the national level the main sources of information include various line ministries the Central Statistical shaping (CSO) the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) the Registrar-General of India (RGI) the National Information center (NIC) the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) INSDOC DELNET Tata Energy Research Institution the Centre for cognition and Environment and the Federation of India Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI).There are hundreds of governmental bodies at state and local levels. The information output from these offices in the various sectors is considerable. In addition, information is created, acquired and disseminated in all manufacturing and service sectors. These sectors indicate the scope for the Internet in India. Over the years the demand for information has increased in India and China. In India the market f or information in English is enormous, as English speakers form a significant proportion of the literate population.They are for the most part wellestablished in economic and social terms and need information in paper and electronic forms. This is also reflected in the fact that the majority of newspapers and periodicals are published in English. India, one of the largest publishers in the world, exports many books and periodicals to countries in Asia and Africa and also to Western countries. It imports much printed The Internet and material from abroad. its impact on China has make substantial progress in information management.China and India According to a 1996 report, there were 1,038 databases covering both Chinese and English sources, representing an increase of almost 30 per cent since the previous survey in 1992 (Guide to Chinese Databases, 1996) 205 there were 41 per cent of databases concentrated in science, industry and technology economy and business databases account ed for 28. 6 per cent, a considerable increase over the 1992 figure social science took 15 per cent general, 5. 6 per cent law and medicine gained 3. 5 per cent news and mass media took about 2. 9 per cent databases with abstracts represented 66. per cent, and full-text and number databases took less than 30 per cent. With the inclusion of Hong Kong, China has become a superpower in information acquisition and distribution, not only in Asia but also on a global basis. It is anticipated that demand for information in China allow continue to grow in significant terms in the next decade. In both India and China access to the Internet will be extremely valuable. Internet connections In China the first TCP/IP link to the Internet was established in 1994, in the Institute of Higher Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science.The following are also connected with the Internet Chinese Public Internet (Chinanet), established and run by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, th e backbone of Internet connection in Beijing. It is available through local post offices for a subscription. China Education and Research network (CERNET), owned by the domain Education Commission. In 1996 CERNET connected 100 universities nation-wide. Eventually, it will connect to all universities and will become the basis for the booming educational and research development. National Computing and Networking Facilities of China (NCFC), started in 1989 and was the first high-speed network funded by the State Planning Commission and the World Bank. In 1994 its international route was opened. Gi Tong Company Network (GBNET), established in 1994, and supported by the Ministry of Electricity, has more than 1,000 users. Over three years China has shown an increase in numbers of computers and Internet users. According to statistics provided by the Information Centre of Asian Libraries 7,9 206 China Internet, the number of Internet users increased dramatically between 1994 and Novemb er 1997.The number of hosts connecting with the Internet increased approximately 35 times, from 569 to 19,739. The number of users increased steadily from 1,600 in 1994 to 620,000 in 1997, coming mainly from education, science, business and government (Information Centre of China Internet, 1997). ChinaNet plans to cover 30 provinces, and nation-wide users will exceed one million (Ge, 1996, p. 161). Internet users are generally scientists, social scientists, academics, university students, researchers and technical experts with higher-educational backgrounds and proficient in English.Access is gained, primarily, through universities, scientific and technical institutions and corporations. In India Internet access was initiated in November 1986 through the Education and Research Network (ERNET), with assistance from the Government of India and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Eight institutions were involved the five Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), the Indian In stitute of Science (IISC) in Bangalore, the National Centre for Software Technology (CST) in Bombay and the Department of Electronics (DOE) in Delhi.The objectives included (1) setting up a nationwide computer network for the academic and research community to promote research and development in India and abroad (2) strengthening national capabilities in information infrastructure (3) building specialised human resources through education and training to increase awareness of information resources available through the Internet and (4) opening an India-USA technology gateway to provide a wide information base with other servers (ERNET, 1995).Three other upcountry service providers became involved at a later date (1) SOFTNET by STP (2) National Information Centre (NICNET) and (3) Gateway Internet Access Services (GIAS) (Ramakrishnan, n. d. ). By September 1996, India had more than 100,000 Internet users, 70,000 through ERNET, 15,000 through SOFTNET 2,000 through NICNET and 8,000 thr ough GIAS. User numbers are expected to grow to one million in the next three years by then computer penetration will be around 10 million PCs.The education and research community has maximum penetration with 65 per cent, followed by business users of 25 per cent and other users of 10 per cent in the government and private households. A dramatic growth is expected once private sectors enter the Internet market. The city of Bangalore is expected to dominate the internal market because of its electronic city image (Ramakrishnan, n. d. ).Current issues and conclusions The Internet and There are three major areas of concern about the Internet that are significant in its impact on developing countries China and India (1) national information insurance policy (2) regulatory framework and information infrastructure and 207 (3) education and training. National information policy Developing countries have a long tradition of oral culture therefore, awareness of information sources in writte n form tends to be minimal.While national information policy in developing countries concentrates on trade, international relations, national security and technology, very little attention has been paid to accessing information electronically through the Internet and to deriving benefits. Developing countries, in order to achieve faster economic growth, should include in their official documents high-priority plans for implementing electronic information delivery systems. Policy statements should be integrated into national planning documents such as five-year plans and should be implemented on schedule.Sufficient patronage should be allocated at the planning stage and should be make available quickly for implementation. Regulatory framework and information infrastructure The regulatory framework in developed countries enforces protection of investment, intellectual property and individual loneliness in the information market. The legal framework addresses private sector involveme nt, skilled human resources, standards and implementation. In most developing countries regulatory frameworks concerning information do not exist.Although the rapid growth in information technology is changing methods of doing business at home, at work and in organisations in both developed and developing countries, regulatory frameworks have had very little effect on developing countries. While information technology, including telecommunications, has penetrated every market in the developed world, developing countries calm view information technology as a means to support management information systems, finance and accounting facilities, and data processing.Computer penetration per capita in both China and India in the area of small office/home office (SOHO) is still not significant in relation to population numbers. Telecommunications still remain a major issue in both China and India. If information infrastructure were to cover the widespread Chinese and Indian populations, and technology were to be made available to access global information through the Internet, then the economic scene would be revitalised. Awareness of the Internet and its importance for policy makers xists only at the executive level, but unfortunately, not at the political level. This postulate to be addressed urgently in both countries. Asian Libraries 7,9 208 Education and training Workforces in developing countries, as in developed countries, are changing from labour intensive to knowledge-based work. In developed countries, surveys have shown Internet use is associated with higher education. The same principle applies in developing countries. Thus, attention needs to be paid to improving literacy rates.It is the responsibility of governments, central, state and local, of learning institutions and civic associations to work together to chide literacy levels in developing countries. The training of information professionals should be given priority. Trained information profession als will be able to utilise the Internet more expeditiously and will be more effective in acquiring, organising and disseminating information. Often, developing countries are concerned about safeguarding their heritage of language and culture and supporting political systems.They are weary of foreign economic formats. Appropriate training for information professionals is an immediate requirement. Trained professionals can then educate the masses and take advantage of the Internet, sharing the dissemination of knowledge through cyberspace and adding value to the global information sector. The information revolution is real, and an information economy has already emerged, accelerating economic and social modification. Information is crucial and is the central resource and basis for competition.The Internet will assist in development in the following ways assessing the information capacity of the country and determining user needs, organising and synthesising information and providin g access to internal and external information disseminating information to meet the needs of the public and private sectors and the daily information needs of the general public. The two items are almost inseparable and have a symbiotic relationship. In developing countries it is urgent to train information professionals to support information infrastructure and information management.In the contemporary world, information is vital to all sectors. Thus, the role of governments in utilising the Internet is critical. First, it influences appropriate use of the Internet for social and economic change in the transition from labour-intensive production to knowledge-based information industries. Second, it defines public and private sector relationships and opens the market to a strong private information sector. Third, it redefines telecommunication policies to discriminate down monopolies and to encourage competition among international and indigenous vendors.In conclusion, there is n o single solution that can be applied, uniformly, to all agencys in developing countries. each case needs to be evaluated and customised to meet individual country needs. Priorities must be determined, depending on available resources. Indigenous resources should be harnessed and other resources tapped, including funding from international organisations. The Internet has considerable potential in developing countries it is relevant to lobbying for more government support and budget allocation it ffers delivery modes for the collection and dissemination of information it may The Internet and be used to mobilise support among specialised ministries, universities and its impact on industries to produce and manage information, and to emphasise institutional China and India arrangements to influence policy makers and information purveyors to promote the Internet for the countrys development. References Dong, X. (1995), The development and management of secondary information systems and services in China, International Information and Library Review, Vol. 27, pp. 83-94. ERNET to Academic and Research Community (1995), brochure. Gartner Group (1996), Information industry in Asia and Pacific is catching up and will become a main player in the 21st century, China Infoworld, Vol. 41. Ge, W. (1996), Internet in China the state of art and perspectives, China Computerworld, Vol. 9, September. Guide to Chinese Databases (1996), State Planning Commission and the State Scientific and Technological Commission, Beijing. Handbook of Press and Publ ication Statistics in China (1996), Press and Publications Administration, Beijing.Information Centre of China Internet (1997), The current situation of Internet in China, China Computerworld, Vol. 10, November. Jacobson, T. L. (1994), The electronic publishing revolution is not global , Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 45 No. 10, pp. 745-52. John, M. (1995), Third world faces information poverty , CD News Bank Comprehensive, Reuters America, 11 October. MIDS press release New data on the size of the Internet and the matrix, . Nagy, H. 1991), Information technology in World Bank lending increasing the development and development impact, World Bank Discussion Papers, Vol. 120,World Bank, Washington, DC. Ramakrishnan, S. (n. d. ), head, Information Infrastructure Division, Department of Electronics, Government of India, New Delhi, personal communication. Sherry, A. (1995), The East is wired, Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 15. The World Bank Atlas (1996), World Bank, Washington, DC. approximately the authors Dr Dong Xiaoying is Associate Professor in the Department of Information Management at Peking University.She is also a member of the Editorial Advisory table of Asian Libraries. Address Department of Information Management, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. E-mail emailprotected bta. net. cn. Dr T. Kanti Srikantaiah is Associate Professor in the Graduate School of Librar y and Information Science at Dominican University, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, Dominican University, 7900 West Division Street, River Forest, IL 60305. E-mail emailprotected dom. edu 209

Bloodsucking Fiends: A Love Story Chapter 2~3

Chapter 2Death Warmed OverShe heard insects scurrying above her in the darkness, smelled burn flesh, and entangle a heavy weight reduceing down on her back. Oh my God, hes buried me alive.Her face was pressed against something hard and cold stone, she thought until she smelled the oil in the asphalt. affright seized her and she struggled to get her extend tos under her. Her left hand lit up with pain as she pushed. There was a rattle and a deafening encounter and she was standing. The dumpster that had been on her back lay over dark, spilling trash across the alley. She looked at it in disbelief. It must pick up weighed a ton. Fear and adrenaline, she thought.Then she looked at her left hand and screamed. It was horribly burned, the top layer of skin black and cracked. She ran disclose of the alley looking for help, provided the street was empty. Ive got to get to a hospital, call the police.She s kittented a pay phone a red chimney of pepperiness rosebush from the lamp above it. She looked up and down the empty street. Above separately streetlight she could mold heat rising in red waves. She could hear the buzz of the electric pile wires above her, the steady stream of the sewers running under the street. She could smell death same fish and diesel fuel in the fog, the decay of the Oakland mudflats across the bay, old French fries, cig atomic number 18tte butts, bread crusts and fetid pastrami from a nearby trash can, and the eternal sleep odor of Aramis wafting under the doors of the brokerage firm houses and banks. She could hear wisps of fog brushing against the buildings deal wet velvet. It was as if her senses, like her strength, had been turned up by adrenaline.She shook step to the fore the spectrum of sounds and smells and ran to the phone, holding her damaged hand by the wrist. As she moved, she felt a roughness inside her blouse against her skin. With her right hand she pulled at the silk, yanking it come out of the closet of her skirt. Stacks of gold cancel out of her blouse to the paving material. She stopped and stared at the bound freeze downs of hundred-dollar bills lying at her feet.She thought, There must be a hundred thousand dollars here. A homosexual attacked me, choked me, bit my neck, burned my hand, thence stuffed my shirt overflowing of money and put a dumpster on me and now I can see heat and hear fog. Ive won Satans lottery.She ran back to the alley, leaving the money on the sidewalk. With her good hand she riffled through the trash spilled from the dumpster until she found a paper bag. Then she returned to the sidewalk and loaded the money into the bag.At the pay phone she had to do some juggling to get the phone off the hook and dialed without putting down the money and without using her injured hand. She pressed 911 and slice she waited for it to ring she looked at the burn. Really, it looked worse than it felt. She tried to flex the hand and black skin cracked. Boy, that should hurt. It should gross me out too, she thought, but it doesnt. In fact, I dont really feel that bad, considering. Ive been more sore after a game of racquetball with Kurt. Strange.The receiver clicked and a womans voice came on the line. Hello, youve reached the number for San Francisco hint services. If you are currently in danger, press one if the danger has passed and you motionlessness need help, press two.Jody pressed two.If you suck up been robbed, press one. If youve been in an accident, press two. If youve been assaulted, press three. If you are calling to report a fire, press four. If youve Jody ran the choices through her head and pressed three.If youve been shot, press one. Stabbed, press two. Raped, press three. All other assaults, press four. If youd like to hear these choices again, press five.Jody meant to press four, but hit five instead. There was a series of clicks and the recorded voice came back on.Hello, youve reached the number for San Francisco emergency services. If you are currently in danger Jody slammed the receiver down and it shattered in her hand, nearly knocking the phone off the pole. She jumped back and looked at the damage. Adrenaline, she thought.Ill call Kurt. He can come get me and take me to the hospital. She looked around for a nonher pay phone. There was one by her bus stop. When she reached it she realized that she didnt agree any change. Her dish had been in her briefcase and her briefcase was gone. She tried to remember her calling card number, but she and Kurt had only moved in together a month ago and she hadnt memorized it yet. She picked up and dialed the operator. Id like to make a collect call from Jody. She gave the operator the number and waited while it rang. The machine picked up.It looks like no one is home, the operator said.Hes screening his calls, Jody insisted. Just regularize him Im sorry, we arent allowed to leave messages.Hanging up, Jody destroyed the phone this time, on purpose.She tho ught, Pounds of hundred-dollar bills and I cant make a damn phone call. And Kurts screening his calls I must be very late youd think he could pick up. If I wasnt so pissed off, Id cry.Her hand had stopped aching completely now, and when she looked at it again it seemed to have mend a bit. Im getting loopy, she thought. Post-traumatic loopiness. And Im hungry. I need medical attention, I need a good meal, I need a sympathetic cop, a nut of wine, a hot bath, a hug, my auto-teller card so I can deposit this cash. I needThe 42 bus rounded the corner and Jody instinctively felt in her jacket pocket for her bus pass. It was still there. The bus stopped and the door opened. She flashed her pass at the driver as she boarded. He grunted. She sit down in the low seat, facing three other passengers.Jody had been riding the buses for five years, and occasionally, because of work or a late movie, she had to ride them at iniquity. But tonight, with her whisker frizzing wild and wide-cu t of dirt, her nylons ripped, her suit wrinkled and stained disheveled, disoriented, and desperate she felt that she fit in for the first time. The psychos lit up at the descry of her.Parking space a woman in the back blurted out. Jody looked up.Parking space The woman wore a flowered housecoat and Mickey Mouse ears. She pointed out the window and shouted, Parking spaceJody looked a look, embarrassed. She understood, though. She owned a car, a fast little Honda hatchback, and since she had found a parking space outside her apartment a month ago, she had only moved it on Tuesday nights, when the street sweeper went by and moved it back as soon as the sweeper had passed. Claim-jumping was a customs in the City you had to guard a space with your life. Jody had heard that there were parking spaces in Chinatown that had been in families for generations, watched over like the graves of honored ancestors, and protected by no little palm-greasing to the Chinese street gangs.Par king space the woman shouted.Jody glanced across the aisle and committed eye contact with a poorly(p) bearded man in an overcoat. He smilingned shyly, then slowly pulled aside the flap of his overcoat to reveal an impressive erection peeking out the port of his khakis.Jody returned the grin and pulled her burned, blackened hand out of her jacket and held it up for him. Bested, he closed his overcoat, slouched in his seat and sulked. Jody was amazed that shed done it.Next to the bearded man sit a young woman who was furiously unknitting a sweater into a yarn bag, as if she would go until she got to the end of the yarn, then reknit the sweater. An old man in a tweed suit and a wool deerstalker sit next to the knitting woman, holding a walking stick between his knees. Every few seconds he let loose with a rattling coughing fit, then fought to get his breath back while he wiped his eyes with a silk handkerchief. He saw Jody looking at him and smiled apologetically.Just a cold, he said .No, its much worse than a cold, Jody thought. Youre dying. How do I pick out that? I dont manage how I know, but I know. She smiled at the old man, then turned to look out the window.The bus was passing through North Beach now and the streets were full of sailors, punks, and tourists. Around each she could see a faint red aura and heat trails in the air as they moved. She shook her head to clear her vision, then looked at the people inside the bus. Yes, each of them had the aura, some brighter than others. Around the old man in tweeds there was a dark ring as thoroughly as the red heat aura. Jody rubbed her eyes and thought, I must have hit my head. Im going to need a CAT scan and an EEG. Its going to personify a fortune. The company will hate it. Maybe I can process my own claim and push it through. Well, Im definitely calling in screwball for the rest of the week. And theres serious shopping to be done once I get finished at the hospital and the police station. Serious shopp ing. Besides, I wont be able to type for a while anyway.She looked at her burned hand and thought again that it might have healed a bit. Im still pickings the week off, she thought.The bus stopped at Fishermans Wharf and Ghirardelli Square and groups of tourists in Day-Glo nylon shorts and Alcatraz sweatshirts boarded, chattering in French and German while tracing lines on street maps of the City. Jody could smell sweat and soap, the sea, boiled crab, chocolate and liquor, fried fish, onions, sourdough bread, hamburgers and car exhaust coming off the tourists. As hungry as she was, the odor of feed nauseated her.Feel free to shower during your visit to San Francisco, she thought.The bus headed up Van Ness and Jody got up and pushed through the tourists to the exit door. A few blocks ulterior the bus stopped at Chestnut Street and she looked over her shoulder before getting off. The woman in the Mickey Mouse ears was staring peacefully out the window. Wow, Jody said. Look at all th ose parking spaces.As she stepped off the bus, Jody could hear the woman shouting, Parking space Parking spaceJody smiled. Now why did I do that?Chapter 3Oh Liquid LoveSnapshots at midnight an obese woman with a stun gun curbing a poodle, an older mirthful couple power-walking in designer sweats, a college girl pedaling a mountain bike trailing tresses of perm-fried hair and a blur of red heat televisions buzzing inside hotels and homes, sounds of water heaters and washing machines, wind rattling sycamore leaves and whistling through fir trees, a rat leaving his nest in a palm tree claws skittering down the trunk. Smells fear sweat from the poodle woman, rose water, ocean, tree sap, ozone, oil, exhaust, and blood-hot and sweet like sugared iron.It was only a three-block walk from the bus stop to the four-story building where she shared an apartment with Kurt, but to Jody it seemed like miles. It wasnt fatigue but fear that lengthened the distance. She thought she had lost her fear of the City dogged ago, but here it was again over-the-shoulder glances between spun determination to look ahead and keep walking and not break into a run.She crossed the street onto her block and saw Kurts Jeep parked in front of the building. She looked for her Honda, but it was gone. Maybe Kurt had taken it, but why? Shed left him the key as a courtesy. He wasnt really supposed to use it. She didnt know him that well.She looked at the building. The lights were on in her apartment. She concentrated on the bay window and could hear the sound of Louis Rukeyser punning his way through a week on Wall Street. Kurt liked to watch tapes of Wall Street Week before he went to bed at night. He said they relaxed him, but Jody suspected that he got some latent sexual thrill out of listening to balding money managers talking about sorrowful millions. Oh well, if a rise in the Dow put a pup tent in his jammies, it was okay with her. The last guy shed lived with had wanted her to pee on him. As she started up the steps she caught some movement out of the corner of her eye. Someone had ducked back a tree. She could see an elbow and the tip of a shoe behind the tree, even in the darkness, but something else frightened her. There was no heat aura. Not eyesight it now was as disturbing as seeing it had been a few minutes ago shed come to expect it. Whoever was behind the tree was as cold as the tree itself.She ran up the steps, pushed the buzzer, and waited forever for Kurt to answer.Yes, the intercom crackled.Kurt, its me. I dont have my key. Buzz me in.The lock buzzed and she was in. She looked back through the glass. The street was empty. The figure behind the tree was gone.She ran up the four flights of steps to where Kurt was waiting at their apartment door. He was in jeans and an Oxford cloth shirt an athletic, blond, thirty-year-old could-be model, who wanted, more than anything, to be a player on Wall Street. He took orders at a discount brokerage for sala ry and spent his days at a keyboard wearing a headset and suits he couldnt afford, watching other peoples money pass him by. He was holding his detainment behind his back to hide the Velcro wrist wraps he wore at night to minimize the pain from carpal tunnel syndrome. He wouldnt wear the wraps at work carpal tunnel was just too blue-collar. At night he hid his hands like a kid with braces who is afraid to smile.Where have you been? he asked, more angry than concerned. Jody wanted smiles and sympathy, not recrimination. Tears welled in her eyes.I was attacked tonight. Someone beat me up and stuffed me under a dumpster. She held her arms out for a hug. They burned my hand, she wailed.Kurt turned his back on her and walked back into the apartment. And where were you last night? Where were you today? Your bunk called a dozen times today.Jody followed him in. Last night? What are you talking about?They towed your car, you know. I couldnt find the key when the street sweeper came. Youre going to have to pay to get it out of impound.Kurt, I dont know what youre talking about. Im hungry and Im scared and I need to go to the hospital. Someone attacked me, dammitKurt pretended to be organizing his videotapes. If you didnt want a commitment, you shouldnt have agreed to move in with me. Its not like I dont get opportunities with women every day.Her mother had told her Never get involved with a man whos prettier than you are. Kurt, look at this. Jody held up her burned hand. LookKurt turned slowly and looked at her the acid in his expression fizzled into horror. How did you do that?I dont know, I was knocked out. I think I have a head injury. My vision is Everything looks weird. Now will you please help me?Kurt started walking in a tight circle around the coffee table, shaking his head. I dont know what to do. I dont know what to do. He sat on the couch and began rocking.Jody thought, This is the man who called the fire department when the toilet backed up, and Im asking him for help. What was I intellection? Why am I attracted to weak men? Whats wrong with me? Why doesnt my hand hurt? Should I eat something or go to the emergency inhabit?Kurt said, This is horrible, Ive got to get up early. I have a meeting at five. Now that he was in the familiar territory of self-interest, he stopped rocking and looked up. You still havent told me where you were last nightNear the door where Jody stood there was an antique oak hall tree. On the hall tree there was a black raku hole where lived a struggling philodendron, home for a colony of spider mites. As Jody snatched up the pot, she could hear the spider mites shifting in their tiny webs. As she draw back to throw, she saw Kurt blink, his eyelids moving slowly, like an electric garage door. She saw the pulse in his neck start to rise with a heartbeat as she let fly. The pot described a beeline across the room, trailing the plant behind it like a comet tail. Confused spider mites found themselves airborne . The bottom of the pot connected with Kurts forehead, and Jody could see the pot bulge, then collapse in on itself. Pottery and potting soil showered the room the plant folded against Kurts head and Jody could hear each of the stems snapping. Kurt didnt have time to change expressions. He fell back on the couch, unconscious. The whole thing had taken a tenth of a second.Jody moved to the couch and fleecy potting soil out of Kurts hair. There was a half-moon-shaped dent in his forehead that was filling with blood as she watched. Her stomach lurched and cramped so violently that she fell to her knees with the pain. She thought, My insides are caving in on themselves.She heard Kurts heart beating and the slow rasp of his breathing. At least I havent killed him.The smell of blood was thick in her nostrils, suffocatingly sweet. Another cramp doubled her over. She touched the break on his forehead, then pulled back, her fingers dripping with blood. Im not going to do this. I cant.She l icked her fingers and every muscle in her body sang with the rush. There was an intense pressure on the roof of her mouth, then a crackling noise inside her head, as if person were ripping out the roots of her eyeteeth. She ran her tongue over the roof of her mouth and felt needlelike points pushing through the skin behind her canines new teeth, growing.Im not doing this, she thought, as she climbed on top of Kurt and licked the blood from his forehead. The new teeth lengthened. A wave of electric pleasure rocketed through her and her mind went white with exhilaration.In the back of her mind a small voice shouted No over and over again as she bit into Kurts throat and drank. She heard herself moaning with each beat of Kurts heart. It was a machine-gun orgasm, dark chocolate, spring water in the desert, a hallelujah chorus and the cavalry coming to the rescue all at once. And all the while the little voice screamed noFinally she pulled herself away and rolled off onto the floor. Sh e sat with her back to the couch, arms around her legs, her face pressed against her knees, ticking and move reflexively with tiny convulsions of pleasure. A dark warmth moved through her body, tingling as if she had just climbed out of a snowbank into a hot bath. soft the warmth ran away, replaced by a heart-wrenching sadness a feeling of loss so permanent and profound that she felt numbed by the weight of it.I know this feeling, she thought. Ive felt this before.She turned and looked at Kurt and felt little relief to see that he was still breathing. There were no marks on his neck where she had bitten him. The wound on his forehead was clotting and scabbing over. The smell of blood was still strong but now it repulsed her, like the odor of empty wine bottles on a hangover morning.She stood and walked to the bathroom, stripping her clothes off as she went. She turned on the shower, and while it ran worked down the remnants of her panty hose, noticing, without much surprise, tha t her burned hand had healed completely. She thought, Ive changed. I will never be the same. The world has shifted. And with that thought the sadness returned. Ive felt this before.She stepped into the shower and let the scalding water run over her, not noting its feel, or sound, or the color of the heat and steam swirling in the dark bathroom. The first sob wrenched its way up from her chest, shaking her, opening the grief trail. She slid down the shower wall, sat on the water-warmed tiles and cried until the water ran cold. And she remembered another shower in the dark when the world had changed.She had been fifteen and not in love, but in love with the excitement of sorrowful tongues and the rough feel of the boys hand on her breast in love with the idea of passion and too full of too-sweet wine, shoplifted by the boy from a 7-Eleven. His get was Steve Rizzoli (which didnt matter, except that she would always remember it) and he was two years older a bit of a bad boy with hi s hash pipe and surfer smoothness. On a blanket in the Carmel dunes he coaxed her out of her jeans and did it to her. To her, not with her she could have been dead, for her involvement. It was fast and awkward and empty except for the pain, which lingered and grew even after she walked home, cried in the shower, and lay in her room, wet hair spread over the pillow as she stared at the ceiling and grieved until dawn.As she stepped out of the shower and began mechanically toweling off, she thought, I felt this before when I grieved for my virginity. What do I grieve for tonight? My humanity? Thats it Im not human anymore, and I never will be again.With that realization, events fell into place. Shed been gone two nights, not one. Her attacker had shoved her under the dumpster to protect her from the sun, but somehow her hand had been exposed and burned. She had slept through the day, and when she awoke the next evening, she was no longer human.Vampire.She didnt believe in vampires.S he looked at her feet on the bath mat. Her toes were straight as a babys, as if they had never been bent and bunched by wearing shoes. The scars on her knees and elbows from puerility accidents were gone. She looked in the mirror and saw that the tiny lines beside her eyes were gone, as were her freckles. But her eyes were black, not a millimeter of iris showing. She shuddered, then realized that she was seeing all of this in total darkness, and flipped on the bathroom light. Her pupils contracted and her eyes were the same striking green that they had always been. She grabbed a handful of her hair and inspected the ends. no(prenominal) were split, none broken. She was as far as she could allow herself to believe perfect. A newborn at twenty-six.I am a vampire. She allowed the thought to repeat and uphold in her mind as she went to the bedroom and dressed in jeans and a sweatshirt.A vampire. A monster. But I dont feel like a monster.As she walked back from the bedroom to the bathroom to dry her hair, she spotted Kurt lying on the couch. He was breathing rhythmically and a healthy aura of heat rose off his body. Jody felt a twinge of guilt, then pushed it aside.Fuck him, I never really liked him anyway. Maybe I am a monster.She turned on the curl iron that she used every morning to straighten her hair, then turned it off and threw it back on the vanity. Fuck that, too. Fuck curling irons and blow dryers and high heels and mascara and control-top panty hose. Fuck those human things.She shook out her hair, grabbed her toothbrush and went back to the bedroom, where she packed a shoulder bag full of jeans and sweatshirts. She dug through Kurts jewelry box until she found the spare keys to her Honda.The clock radio by the bed read five oclock in the morning. I dont have much time. Ive got to find a place to stay, fast.On her way out she paused by the couch and kissed Kurt on the forehead. Youre going to be late for your meeting, she said to him. He didnt mo ve.She grabbed the bag of money from the floor and stuffed it into her shoulder bag, then walked out. Outside, she looked up and down the street, then cursed. The Honda had been towed. Shed have to get it out of impound. But you could only do that during the day. Shit. It would be light soon. She thought of what the sun had done to her hand. Ive got to find darkness.She jogged down the street, feeling lighter on her feet than she ever had. At Van Ness she ran into a motel office and pounded on the bell until a sleepy-eyed clerk appeared behind the bulletproof window. She paid cash for two nights, then gave the clerk a hundred-dollar bill to hold in that she would not, under any circumstances, be disturbed.Once in the room she locked the door, then braced a chair against it and got into bed.Weariness came on her suddenly as first light broke pink over the City. She thought, Ive got to get my car back. Ive got to find a safe place to stay. Then I need to find out who did this to me. I have to know why. Why me? Why the money? Why? And Im going to need help. Im going to need someone who can move around in the day.When the sun peeked over the horizon in the east, she fell into the sleep of the dead.

Big love: religious or criminal? Essay

Barbara, Nikki, and Margie be three women from three very different backgrounds whom sh be one very universal dynamic. Barbara, is an extremely devoted mother of three, elementary crop teacher, and wife to her keep up named Bill. Although very endearing, Barbara is no stranger to pain and struggle. After only a few years of nuptials to Bill, Barbara was diagnosed with breast cancer, a pole disease which she battled for years. More everyplace, Barbara overcame her struggle and has now make out a better wife and mother.Nikki, a timid one-year-old cleaning woman, is a mother of two, relentlessly inflicts her harsh ghostlike beliefs onto others as she was raised on the same polygamous compound as her husband named Bill. Margine, a vibrant liberal infantile woman and mother of 3, is a housewife who has the spirit of a 16 year old girl. condescension her vivid appeal to passel, life, and friendships, she constantly struggles with insecurities that prohibit her from being the wo man and mother that she aspires to be and coincidentally, her husband is alike named Bill.Although these three women argon all marital to a man named Bill, the common name sake is no coincidence. Margine, Barbara, and Nikki are all married to the same man, Bill Paxton. Bill, owner of a major retailer is a Polygamist who resides outside of Utah afterwards being banished from the polygamist compound where he once grew up. Despite his excommunication from the spreading, Bill continued to implement the same polygamist fundamentals into this own lifestyle. Bill has 3 wives, Barbara, Nikki, and Margine, whom he married consecutively and certainly has 8 children surrounded by all three wives.Barbara, the first wife is responsible for maintaining the hierarchy between all the wives, while Margine and Nikki maintain their own one-on-one homes. Whist many outsiders of polygamy picture their relationships immoral and il effectual, this family attempts to preserve their bond through the religious upbringings that they are accustomed to. This narrative is that of the HBO series, Big Love, which depicts the lifestyle of a polygamist family outside of a compound, whom consequentially attempts to hold up religious beliefs and multi-marital subsistence to their family while simultaneously sheltering the world from their illegitimate existence.Despite the HBOs depiction of polygamy in the unite States, the commonality of polygamy is currently being rationalized, causing more individuals in ships company to evaluate the internal infrastructure of many polygamist cults as more criminal than religious. Overall, polygamy is not a new concept to the modern world. some indigenous cultures across the globe still practice polygamy including various tribes in Africa and South America, and yet in other areas such(prenominal) as the United States, Europe, and Asia, monogamousness is en laboured, thus making polygamy illegal in many parts of these designated Areas.Polygamy in the United States can be dated back to 1929 in its association to the Mormon Church, even though the Book of Mormon was created in the late 1800s. Mormonism is quite different from traditional Christianity. Traditional Roman Catholicism has divisional leaders such as priests and or deacons whist Mormon church slayicials are deemed prophets. Traditional Mormonism is classified beneath a branch of The Church of savior Christ of latter(prenominal) Day Saints. Under Mormonism, The Book of Mormon is a companion of the traditional holy bible and teaches that as divinity fudge was man, man can become a god as well.Additionally, Mormons also believe that God was not created on earth, but on another planet under his god. Just as existence must adhere to commandments, God also had to conform to a set of conventions in order to please his god. After complying under gods rule, God came to earth where he married a goddess with whom he produced children. These children, deemed the spiritual offspring whom later developed as humans on earth, are brothers and sisters of Adam and Eve. modernistic Mormonism under the sect of Fundamentalist Church of messiah Christ of latter(prenominal) Day Saints should not be confused with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS) openly practice and support polygamy within secluded compounds or polygamist epicenters where this practice is legal in portions of the United States such as Texas and small areas within Utah. The official leader and of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Gor endure B.Hinckley, has denounced polygamist practices, promising to shut any member whom participates in polygamy activities. Furthermore, Hinckley has stated that there is no such thing as a Mormon Fundamentalist, which refers to the FLDS church, thus regarding the church and its members as recognise contradictions ( Mormon Polygamy Misconceptions). Nonetheless, Mormo n polygamist lifestyles are undergoing unprecedented scrutiny in light of recent media debuts, consequently permanently damaging its already impaired reputation.Although many television set portrayals of polygamy such as HBOs tele-series, Big Love, do not exploit criminal behaviors of neglect and the abuse of children, the current disbursement of hundreds of children from a Mormon ground polygamist cult in Texas has begun to provide attentive outlook on illicit assaults that have occurred. The situation began in April of this year after police received a frantic 911 call from a girl who claimed that she had been abused, forcefully married, and impregnated by an older man.Investigators, already watchfully suspicious after previous abuse allegations surfaced almost 4 years earlier, had finally acquired enough evidence to disembark upon the compound territory. The call caused a surge of law enforcement and child protective services to recover over 400 children and teenagers from the compound and over 150 adults. Despite Americas unfavorable views towards polygamy, the plural aspect of the polygamist society is not the trigger behind pass judgment conjectures, yet the abuse of young women and children remain arguable to accept.Women and children are considered the most feeble members of society, and although polygamists claim that the procreation of children into a whole family as a society is a major basis of their religion, it will always remain a substance of abuse. For instance, in many religions such as Mormonism and the polygamist sect of the Fundamentalist Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS), embraceing and impregnating girls as young as 12 is permitted regardless of the criminal facets.Andrew Gumble states that the police and child protection services knew as before long as the El Dorado ranch was built in 2004 that the fundamentalists were polygamists, with a track record of marrying off girls as young as 14 or 15 to church elders who might be in their 70s or 80s (6). Under the law, any girl wed under the age of 18 without parental consent to marry is illicit. Marriage is a contract which minors cannot enter without parental consent. Additionally, any adult 18 years or older that engages in a internal act with anyone under the age of 18 is committing a rape.Ethically speaking, children are vastly inept during developmental stages of adolescence and childhood which inhibits their ability to conduct relationships in reward to spousal and child-rearing. Jodi Grizzle, of the Childrens Service Society of Utah, says most girls that age are already going through the oftentimes rocky and rough years of adolescence. Teenagers dont have the ability to think abstractly. Our brains dont finish developing until were in our 20s. So you have a teenager with a significant life event, and they arent necessarily capable of comprehending all of the implications (Over 50 percent).In spite of a common misconception that many young females are willing contestants, hundreds of young girls are not consenting participants. Many of these ostensible leaders of the FLDS often engage in hale marriages and sexual acts with many young women whom are compulsorily admitted into polygamist compounds. In fact, Andrew Gumble also attests that their prophet and leader rabbit warren Jeffs, now serving prison time for his role in arranging the forced marriage of a teenage girl in Utah, has a reputation as a hardliner and a man who inspired great fright even in his own followers (6).Warren Jeffs, a former FLDS prophet, is currently awaiting trial for accessory to rape. Warren Jeffs, took over the FLDS empire consisting of over 12,000 members after the death of his father, Rulon Jeffs, in 2002. Warren Jeffs was accused of sexually abusing a nephew for over 10 years in addition to forcefully arranging the polygamous marriage of a 16 year old girl to an older man. Warren Jeffs was on the run for 2 years before he was caught in howling( a) of 2006. Not only are young women victims of abuse in these compounds, but children also exert signs of abuse under polygamous governance.Indirect abuse of children has also been corroborated under the recent compound investigations. Many of the children were not properly cared for, as the result of medical examinations confirmed broken bones and lack of vaccinations that are undeniable of school aged children and babies. Although it has not been determined if the childrens broken bones were the result of direct abuse or circuitous negligence, high scrutiny and shot has already characterized the parents of the children as abusive and incompetent.Despite FDLS religious values, the religious aspect cannot compensate rationale for forced marriages, rapes, and neglect of young women and children unwillingly involved in polygamist existence. Many polygamist grant that the prosecution of their actions are not based upon criminal measures but their religious beliefs. For instance, Ro dney Holm, an ex-police officer convicted of bigamy, refutes his conviction on the grounds of violation of the initiative and 14th amendments as the conviction aims to attack those whom are attempting to implement a holy religious based lifestyle (Winslow Polygamist appeals).Furthermore, Holms lawyer, Rod Parker contests that The Utah flirts criminalization of polygamous relationships that do not seek recognition as legal marriages violates the Equal Protection Clause because it discriminates on the basis of religious affiliation (Winslow Polygamist appeals). However, despite the negative outlook on polygamy for its illegitimacy and immorality to some, the religion is not under question in any way, it is the abuse and violation of laws that coincide with polygamy that is being ad answered.Under the law, polygamy is illegal and has been illegal since 1879 which earns bigamy illegal as well. Polygamy is not a religion but a breach of the law. Holm was also aerated with committing a sex act with a minor, his 16-year-old wife Ruth Stubbs. Sex with a minor is illegal under the law. Incorporating illegalities into a religion does not make it legal. For instance, if Tom Cruise would like to incorporate snorting cocaine into Scientology, it would still make snorting cocaine illegal because cocaine is illegal in the United States, despite his religious beliefs.Legal issues are being addressed, not religion. Consequentially, sex with minors is illicit and its a form of abuse, just as forced marriages and child neglect which are core facets. Although it is difficult to reform individuals from a way of life that is viewed to some as holy and religious, it is better to curb problematic behaviors including domestic violence and child abuse. Domestic violence hubs should be implemented in order to curtail the occurrence of violence within polygamist households. Seminars within polygamist communities should become mandatory.Traditionally, polygamist households could consis t of one wife to upward amounts of 30 wives over a mans lifespan. Each wife could have up to 11 to 15 children during the span of her ability to reproduce. Any mother, young or old, can understand the stress that comes along with raising children. A family of that magnitude could cause any woman to exert nontraditional parenting practices such as yelling or excessive hitting to discipline children. In the eyes of the law, excessive hitting or defeat a child is considered child abuse, excluding moderate spankings.This situation was observed in the house of a woman named Heidi Mattingly, a 33-year-old mother of 11 and member of the capital of Jamaica Polygamist Clan in Utah. The judge found that Heidi hit her children in the face until they bled, hit babies, and verbally abuses her children, however, the court also founded that Heidi was also abused by her husband and prophet of the clan, John Daniel Kingston and other members of the society as well, which explained why she behaved a ccordingly towards her children. (Thompson). Heidi was provided with individual and group therapy in order to sustain a anicteric disciplinary role for her children.Established organizations that work within polygamous compounds such as The Primer are advocated for domestic violence reforms. Many social workers agree that groups such as The Primer are very helpful because of their insight into polygamist groups. A social worker named Madsen said It opened my mind to how many people live the lifestyle, he said. Theres like 50 groups. I had no idea. It told me some of the history that I didnt know. For example, this group (the Kingstons) doesnt dress in bonnets and long dresses (Winslow).Although anti-polygamists discourage The Primer and organizations like it because of its encouragement of polygamy, it has definitely provided a safe haven of resources for victims of abuse. In conclusion, polygamy is not a current phenomena, as many tribes still practice polygamy in portions of Afri ca and South America. The United States is not a stranger to polygamy as well, as polygamy has existed as far back as 1929, even though the Book of Mormon was created in the late 1800s. Although Mormons believe in one god, they are vastly different than traditional Christians.For example, traditional Roman Catholicism heads each dioceses with a priest, deacon, and or bishop, whist Mormonism believe that prophets should be the head of a sect. A spin-off of traditional Mormonism is the Fundamental Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints also called FLDS. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints should not be confused with FLDS because of different views towards polygamy. In fact, the current prophet of the Church of Latter Day Saints, Gordon B Hinckley, vows to excommunicate any individual involved with polygamy.Additionally, Hinckley says that the Mormon Fundamentalists are a complete contradiction to the Mormon church. This severance from the mainstream religions is not t he first portion of negative propaganda that polygamist cults have received. In April of 2008, a frantic 911 call from a 16-year-old girl tipped police off to a polygamous compound in Texas, after years of being under observation. During the raid, over 400 children and 150 adults were taken into police and protective custodies.Signs of abuse, towards children and young women were all implicated in forced marriages, rapes, and neglect. Although there are many participants, many of the young women are forced to marry older men, which is illegal. In fact, marriage to a minor without parental consent is illicit in the eyes of the law. Additionally, if an adult engages in a sexual act with a someone under the age of 18, it is also illicit and considered rape. Many young women from polygamous lifestyles can attest to this behavior, just as the young woman who pressed charges against former FLDS leader, Warren Jeffs.Warren Jeffs headed a polygamist empire consisting of about 12,000 members after the death of his father, Rulon Jeffs in 2002. Warren Jeffs was also accused of molesting his nephew for over 10 years. Furthermore, many of the young women are also mothers at young ages of 12, the beginning of adolescence, which is additionally problematic for teens as well. Many mothers at polygamist compounds are additionally under added stress of being a role model to 11 to 15 children that are conceived throughout their lifetimes.Many women such as Heidi Mattingly resorted to nontraditional parenting methods such as over excessive spankings or brutal beatings, and verbal abuse. Heidi Mattingly, mother of 11 children was found guilty of abusing her children by hitting them in the face, hitting babies, and verbally abusing her children. In order to curtain her behavior, individual and group treatments were granted to Heidi to help her maintain a healthy disciplinary figure towards her children in addition to reversing abuse that she sustained under her husband and prophes ier, John Daniel Kingston of the Kingston Polygamist Clan.Groups such as The Primer have become a special aid to social workers involved in polygamist groups for their soul of the infrastructure in each group. Although anti-polygamist activists disagree with The Primers actions, deeming their participation as encouraging polygamy, their presence within the polygamist community draws much needed caution towards the realization of abuse within polygamist communities in tandem with providing resources for victims of abuse. BIBLIOGRAPHY Buncombe, Andrew. Cult leader accused of making under aged girls marry adults. The Independent (London) 1 Sept. 2006 Gumble, Andrew. The ranch has not yet revealed all its secrets.. . The Independent on Sunday 13 Apr. 2008 6. Mormon Polygamy Misconceptions. 2007. . Over 50 percent of teen girls on FLDS ranch are mothers. Narr. Lori Prichard& Carole Mikita. KSL Television and Radio. NBC, Salt Lake City. 28 Apr. 2008. Thompson, Linda. Deseret Morning News Polygamist mom guilty of child abuse. Deseret News (Salt Lake City). Jan 13, 2005. FindArticles. com. 08 May. 2008 Winslow, Ben. Deseret Morning News Polygamist appeals conviction to top U. S. court. Deseret News (Salt Lake City). 17 Oct. 2006. Find Articles. com 08 May 2008 Winslow, Ben. Deseret Morning News Primer details intricacies of polygamist life. Deseret News (Salt Lake City). Jun 11, 2006. FindArticles. com. 08 May. 2008. .